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Chapter 1

Introduction to the Human Body

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Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the …
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It is convenient to consider the body's structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, …
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Human life is characterized by a variety of functions that are essential for survival and well-being. These functions include metabolism, movement, …
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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a …
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Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, …
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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples …
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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, …
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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe …
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These …
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Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the body parts into different regions that contain structures involved in contributing similar functions. …
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Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of …
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Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are …
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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described …
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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians …
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Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate …
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In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT's ability to …
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Many components of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems act in concert to achieve the stable, upright human posture. Controlled experiments accompanied …