Summary

5つの脊椎動物群にわたる中枢神経系微小血管の信頼性の高い絶縁

Published: January 12, 2020
doi:

Summary

このプロトコルの目的は、リッセンセファリックおよびギレンセファリック脊椎動物の中枢神経系の複数の領域から微小血管を分離することです。

Abstract

中枢神経系(CNS)からの微小血管の単離は、一般的に、複数の動物、最も頻繁にげっ歯類からの皮質組織を組み合わせることによって行われる。このアプローチは、血液脳関門(BBB)特性の尋問を皮質に制限し、個々の比較を可能にしません。このプロジェクトは、皮質、小脳、視床下部、下垂体、脳幹、脊髄など、複数のCNS領域からの神経血管ユニット(NVU)の比較を可能にする単離方法の開発に焦点を当てています。さらに、もともとマウスサンプル用に開発されたこのプロトコルは、脳半球白物から微小血管を分離することができる小さな大きな脊椎動物種のCNS組織での使用に適応することに成功しました。この方法は、免疫標識と組み合わせると、タンパク質発現の定量と個体、組織型、または治療間の統計的比較を可能にする。神経炎症性疾患、多発性硬化症のマウスモデルである実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)におけるタンパク質発現の変化を評価することで、この応用性を証明した。さらに、この方法で隔離されたマイクロ容器は、qPCR、RNA-seq、ウェスタンブロットなどの下流アプリケーションに使用できます。これは、超遠心分離または酵素解離を使用せずにCNSマイクロ容器を分離する最初の試みではありませんが、単一の個人と複数のCNS領域の比較に対するその熟達性においてユニークです。したがって、CNS部分(皮質、小脳、視葉、脳幹、視床下部、下垂体、脊髄)、CNS組織型(灰色または白色物質)、個体、実験的治療群、および種。

Introduction

私たちの脳は、私たちの体の中で最も重要な器官です。このため、正常からの逸脱を引き起こす可能性のある外的要因にもかかわらず、脳恒常性を維持することが優先事項である。一部の学者によると、約4億〜5億年前の1、脊椎動物は、私たちが今血液脳関門(BBB)2、3として知っているものを開発しました。この保護「フェンス」は、血液とCNSパレンチマ間のイオン、分子、細胞の輸送を厳密に調節することにより、中枢神経系(CNS)恒常性および機能に最も大きな影響を及ぼします。BBBが破壊されると、脳は毒性暴露、感染、炎症を受けやすくなります。したがって、BBB機能障害は、すべてではないにしても、神経学的および神経発達障害4、5、6に関連している。

BBBの高度な機能は、神経血管ユニット(NVU)2、3によって適合されたユニークなCNS微小血管系に起因する。高度に専門化された内皮細胞、ペリサイト、および星値状端足は、NVU2、3の細胞成分である。これらの細胞によって生成される細胞外マトリックスは、NVUおよびBBB生理学2、3にも不可欠である。NVUの必須細胞成分および分子成分は脊椎動物の間で保存されるが、異質性は、秩序および種7、8の間で報告される。しかし、技術的な制限は、神経生物学、生物医学、または翻訳研究におけるこれらの違いを十分に考慮する能力を妨げる。

このため、CNS領域特異的なマイクロ血管分離法を拡充し、魚類、両生類、爬虫類、鳥類、哺乳類の5つの脊椎動物群から多数の種に適用できるようにしました。このプロトコルは、小リッセンセファリックおよび大ギレンセファリック脊椎動物に使用するために記載されており、翻訳関連性9を有する種を含む。さらに、我々は、この文脈内で以前に調査されていないCNSの他の領域が含まれていますが、神経生理学に関連し、驚異的な臨床的意味を持つ:視床下部、下垂体、および白色物質。最後に、NVUおよび/またはBBB9、10、11に沿ったタンパク質発現の変化を同定するための信頼できるツールとしてこの単離方法容量を試験した。概念実証として、EAE中のVCAM-1およびJAM-B発現の変化を、免疫蛍光に続いて単離法を用いて決定する方法を示した。

Protocol

本研究のすべての手順は、カリフォルニア大学(UC)、デイビス制度動物ケア・使用委員会(IACUC)が定めたガイドラインに従っています。UCデイビスの動物ケアは、いくつかの独立したリソースによって規制されており、1966年以来、ラボアニマルケアインターナショナル(AAALAC)の評価と認定のための協会によって完全に認定されています。豚CNS組織は、食肉科学研究所動物科学UCD学科から得られま…

Representative Results

マウスCNSから単離された微小血管は、神経血管ユニット2、3のすべての固有の細胞成分を示した。血小板内皮細胞接着分子-1(PECAM、CD31とも呼ばれる)またはアイソレクチンIB4(内皮細胞グリコカリックスと結合する糖タンパク質)のいずれかを内皮細胞に使用し、 血小板由来増殖因子β(PDGFRβ)またはニューロングリア抗原2(NG2)は…

Discussion

BBBは、緊密な、付着物、”ペグソケット”-接合、およびCNS恒常性2、3、19に不可欠な接着プラークの洗練されたアーキテクチャによって結合された脳微小血管系内皮細胞のユニークな特性を含む。内皮細胞特性は、ペリサイトおよび周囲のアストログリア末脚注プロセス2、3、19

Offenlegungen

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

クルーズ・オレンゴ博士は、カリフォルニア大学デービス獣医学部スタートアップファンドの支援を受けました。

Materials

10X PBS ThermoFisher BP39920 Used for blocking and antibody diluent.
20% PFA Electron Microscopy Sciences 15713-S Used as fixative (4% PFA)
70,000 MW Dextran Millipore Sigma 9004-54-0 Used for MV-2 solution
Adson Forceps Fine Science Tools (FST) 11006-12 Used for removal of muscle and skin
Adson Forceps, student quality FST 91106-12 Same as above but cheaper
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) Millipore Sigma A7906-100G Used for MV-3 solution, blocking and antibody diluent
Corning 100 μm Cell strainer Millipore Sigma CLS431752-50EA
Corning 70 μm Cell strainer Millipore Sigma CLS431751-50EA
Corning Deskwork low-binding tips Millipore Sigma CLS4151 Same as below but cheaper.
Cultrex Poly-D-Lysine R&D 3439-100-01 Used for slide coating
Donkey anti-Goat IgG-ALEXA 555 Thermo A21432 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Donkey anti-Mouse IgG-ALEXA 488 Thermo A21202 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG-ALEXA 488 Thermo A21206 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG-ALEXA 647 Thermo A31573 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Donkey anti-Rat IgG-DyLight 650 Thermo SA5-10029 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Double-Pronged Tissue Pick FST 18067-11 Used for removal of meninges and choroid plexus
Dumont #3c Forceps FST 11231-20 Used for more delicate and/or small CNS tissue handling (like pituitary)
Dumont #7 Forceps FST 11274-20 Used for CNS tisssue dissection and handling
Dumont #7 Forceps, student FST 91197-00 Same as above but cheaper
ep Dualfilter T.I.P.S. LoRetention Tips Eppendorf 22493008 Better quality than the tips above (more expensive).
Extra Fine Graefe Forceps, serrated FST 11151-10 Used for bone removal
Fine Scissors, sharp FST 14060-09 Used for removal of pig and macaque dural sac
Glass Pestle 1.5 mL Microcentrifuge Tube Tissue Grinder Homogenizer, Pack of 10 Chang Bioscience Inc. (eBay) GP1.5_10 Used for small vetebrate hypothalus and pituitary.
Goat anti-CXCL12, biotinylated PeproTech 500-P87BGBT Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution: 1:20.
Goat anti-JAM-B R&D AF1074 Used as primary antibody to assess neuroinflammation. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Goat anti-Mouse IgG-ALEXA 488 Thermo A11001 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Goat anti-Mouse IgG-ALEXA 555 Thermo A21424 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Goat anti-PDGFRβ R&D AF1042 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-ALEXA 555 Thermo A21249 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-DyLight 488 Thermo 35552 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Goat anti-Rat IgG-DyLight 650 Thermo SA5-10021 Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Graefe Forceps, curved tip, 1X2 teeth FST 11054-10 Use for nylon filter net holding and shaking
HBSS, 1X buffer with calcium and magnesium Corning 21-022-CM Used for MV-1 solution
HEPES, 1M liquid buffer Corning 25-060-CI Used for MV-1 solution
Isolectin GS-IB4-Biotin-XX ThermoFisher Scientific (Thermo) I21414 Glycoprotein isolated from legume Griffonia simplicifolia that binds D-galactosyl residues of endothelial cell glycocalysx. Used for avian and porcine CNS microvessels. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
LaGrange Scissors, serrated FST 14173-12 Used for skull dissection and laminectomy (except pig and macaque)
Millicell EZ slide 8-well unit Millipore Sigma PEZGS0816
Mouse anti-CLDN5 Thermo 35-2500 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Mouse anti-GGT1 Abcam ab55138 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Mouse anti-Human CD31 R&D BBA7 Used as primary antibody on primate CNS microvessels. Recommended concentration: 16.5 μg/mL.
Mouse anti-NFM Thermo RMO-270 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Mouse anti-αSMA Thermo MA5-11547 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Nylon Filter Net, roll Millipore Sigma NY6000010 Laser-cut to 13 mm diameter filter net discs. Used for small vetebrate hypothalus and pituitary.
Nylon Filter Nets, 25 mm Millipore Sigma NY2002500 Used on most small vertebrates CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. Used for macaque and pig hypothalamus and pituitary.
Nylon Filter Nets, 47 mm Millipore Sigma NY2004700 Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary.
ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI ThermoFisher P36935 Used to coverslip slides.
Rabbit anti-AQP4 Millipore Sigma A5971 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Rabbit anti-LSR Millipore Sigma SAB2107967 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Rabbit anti-NG2 Millipore Sigma AB5320 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Rabbit anti-OSP Abcam ab53041 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 1 μg/mL.
Rabbit anti-VE-Cadherin Abcam ab33168 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Rabbit anti-ZO-1 Thermo 61-7300 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Rat anti-CD31 Becton Dickinson BD 550274 Used as primary antibody for murine CNS microvessels. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Rat anti-GFAP Thermo 13-0300 Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200.
Rat anti-VCAM-1 Becton Dickinson BD 553329 Used as primary antibody to assess neuroinflammation. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL.
Sterile Ringer's Solution, Frog Aldon Corporation IS5066 Used for amfibian anesthesia
Streptavidin-ALEXA 555 Thermo S32355 Used as secondary antibody to label biotinylated primary antibodies. Recommended dilution of 1:500.
Streptavidin-ALEXA 647 Thermo S32357 Used as secondary antibody to label biotinylated primary antibodies. Recommended dilution of 1:500.
Surgical Scissors, sharp FST 14002-12 Used for removal of muscle and skin
Surgical Scissors, sharp-blunt FST 14001-16 Used for decapitation (except pig and macaque)
Swinnex Filter Holder, 13 mm Millipore Sigma SX0001300 Modified by laser-cut. Used for small vetebrate hypothalus and pituitary.
Swinnex Filter Holder, 25 mm Millipore Sigma SX0002500 Modified by laser-cut. Used on most small vertebrates CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. Used for macaque and pig hypothalamus and pituitary.
Swinnex Filter Holder, 47 mm Millipore Sigma SX0004700 Modified by laser-cut. Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary.
Triton X-100 ThermoFisher 50-165-7277 Used for blocking and antibody diluent.
Wheaton 120 Vac Overhead Stirrer VWR (Supplier DWK Life Sciences) 62400-904 (DWK #903475) Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues with 55 mL tissue grinder, except hypothalamus and pituitary.
Wheaton Potter-Elvehjem tissue grinder with PTFE pestle, 10 mL VWR (Supplier DWK Life Sciences) 14231-384 (DWK #357979) Used on most small vertebrates CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. Used for macaque and pig hypothalamus and pituitary.
Wheaton Potter-Elvehjem tissue grinder with PTFE pestle, 55 mL VWR (Supplier DWK Life Sciences) 14231-372 (DWK #357994) Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary.

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Yuan, Y., Dayton, J. R., Freese, M., Dorflinger, B. G., Cruz-Orengo, L. Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups. J. Vis. Exp. (155), e60291, doi:10.3791/60291 (2020).

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