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Chapter 3

Acid–Base Titration

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The weak base versus strong acid titration curve is the reverse of a weak acid-strong base titration curve. Aqueous ammonia forms ammonium and hydroxide …
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The titration of a weak acid like acetic acid with a weak base like aqueous ammonia produces a neutral ammonium acetate salt and water. The titration …
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Recall that the titration of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide produces sodium acetate and water, resulting in a buffer. The relative concentration of the …
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The acid–base titrations occurring in the non-aqueous solvent are explained by the Bronsted–Lowry theory, where an acid behaves as a proton …
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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the …
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On titration with sodium hydroxide, polyprotic acids like maleic acid with two ionizable protons demonstrate two equivalence points on the titration …
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Buffer capacity, represented as beta, is the quantitative measure of a buffer's resistance to pH change upon adding an acid or base. It is expressed …
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Acid-base titration can be performed to determine an unknown concentration of acid using a known concentration of a base or vice versa.  When …
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During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the pH calculations are based on the concentration of the residual H3O+ or OH− ions. For …
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Titration calculations for weak acids and strong bases involve different approaches, depending on the primary reactant. Initially, 50 mL of 0.1 M acetic …
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In a mixture of strong and weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely, significantly elevating H3O+ ion concentration, while the weak acid only …
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Polyprotic acids contain multiple ionizable protons, each dissociating differently, with each successive acid dissociation constant, being weaker than the …
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Adding a small amount of acid or base to a solution can cause a significant decrease or increase in the pH. However, many chemical and biochemical …
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In an acid–base reaction, when a base stronger than the conjugate base of the solvent is used, it deprotonates the solvent to produce the conjugate …
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Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a useful tool for understanding the complete thermodynamic picture of a binding reaction. In biological …
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The development of fluorescent indicators represented a revolution for life sciences. Genetically encoded and synthetic fluorophores with sensing …
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Lewis acid-activation of carbonyl-containing substrates is a fundamental basis for facilitating transformations in organic chemistry. Historically, …