Thermodynamics

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is …

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has …

In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes …

A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single …

Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard …

One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy …

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or …

The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. …

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; …

The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the …