Summary

研究DNA损伤检验点<em>爪蟾</em>卵提取物

Published: November 05, 2012
doi:

Summary

非洲爪蟾卵提取物是一个有用的模型系统,研究DNA损伤检验点。该协议是非洲爪蟾卵提取物和DNA损伤检验点的诱导试剂的准备。这些技术是适应各种DNA损伤的方法,在研究的DNA损伤检查点的信号。

Abstract

在每天的基础上,将细胞进行的各种内源性和环境的侮辱。为了解决这些侮辱,细胞进化作为一个监督机制,检测DNA损伤和直接的细胞反应对DNA损伤的DNA损伤检验点的信号。有几组的蛋白质称为DNA损伤检查点的信号( 图1)中所涉及的传感器,传感器和效应器。在这种复杂的信号转导通路,ATR(ATM和RAD3相关)是主要的激酶,可以响应DNA损伤和复制压力之一。激活ATR磷酸化其下游底物,如检查点激酶1(Chk1的)。因此,磷酸化和激活Chk1的导致许多下游的影响,在DNA损伤检验点包括细胞周期阻滞,转录激活,DNA损伤修复,细胞凋亡或衰老( 图1)。当DNA被破坏,无法激活DNA损伤检验点在UNREP结果播出损伤,且随后,基因组不稳定。细胞DNA损伤检验点的研究阐明了如何保持基因组的完整性,并提供了一​​个更好地了解人类疾病,如癌症,如何发展。

非洲爪蟾卵提取物正在成为一个强大的无细胞提取DNA损伤检验点的研究模型系统,。低速提取物(LSE)最初是由升井组1。去膜精子染色质核形成DNA的半保留复制的方式一次细胞周期LSE结果。

ATR/Chk1-mediated检查点的信号转导通路所引发的DNA损伤或复制压力2。目前使用的两种方法诱导的DNA损伤检查点:DNA损伤的方法和DNA损伤模仿结构体3。 DNA损伤可诱导的紫外线(UV)照射,γ-照射,甲基甲烷esulfonate(MMS),丝裂霉素C(MMC),4 -硝基喹啉-1 -氧化物(4-NQO),或aphidicolin的3,4。 MMS是一种烷化剂,抑制DNA的复制和激活ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA损伤检验点4-7。紫外线照射触发的ATR/Chk1-dependent的的DNA损伤检验点8。的DNA损伤模仿结构AT70退火是一个复杂的两个寡核苷酸的聚(dA的)70和聚-(dT)的70。 AT70比尔·邓菲的实验室系统的开发和广泛使用9-12,诱导ATR/Chk1检查点的信号。

在这里,我们描述协议(1)准备细胞的卵提取物(LSE),(2)治疗爪蟾精子染色质与两种不同的DNA损伤的方法(MMS和UV),(3)准备的DNA损伤模仿的结构AT70,和(4)来触发的ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA损伤检查点LSE相损坏的精子染色质或DNA损伤模仿结构。

Protocol

1。 LSE准备集蛋,雌蛙( 非洲爪蟾 )注射两次。第一次注射(启动)为100 U PMSG(孕马血清促性腺激素)每青蛙。青蛙必须催芽前至少两天诱导产卵和引物的青蛙可用于长达两个星期。黄金青蛙,用3毫升注射器和27 G针在背淋巴囊皮下注射PMSG。 诱导产卵,注入500 U HCG(人绒毛膜促性腺激素)每底漆青蛙在使用27 G针背淋巴囊皮下。孵育注入青蛙在不同的桶含2升1个马克的改性?…

Discussion

在研究非洲爪蟾卵提取物的DNA损伤检验点有以下几个优点。卵提取物的使用提供了一个大的数量的无细胞提取物在相间的细胞周期同步。卵提取物,可以容易且廉价地作出。这是比较容易损坏的DNA或染色质,并揭示后从卵提取物immunodepleting目标蛋白在DNA损伤检验点缺陷。随后,一个潜在的功能缺损可以“救出”addback的野生型或突变型重组蛋白质。因此, 非洲爪蟾卵提取物是一种功?…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作是支持的,部分由北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特,美联银行基金优秀教师,并授予NIGMS(R15GM101571)提供资金。

Materials

Reagents
Anti-Chk1 P-S344 antibody Cell Signaling 2348L
Anti-Chk1 antibody Santa Cruz SC7898
Aprotinin MP Biomedicals 0219115880
Cycloheximide Sigma C7698-5G
Cytochalasin B EMD 250233
Dithiothreitol (DTT) VWR JTF780-2
hCG Sigma CG10-10VL
L-Cysteine Sigma C7352-1KG
Leupeptin VWR 97063-922
Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) Sigma 129925-5G
Nocodazole Sigma M1404-2MG
PMSG Calbiochem 367222
Sample buffer Sigma S3401
Tautomycin Wako Chemicals USA 209-12041
Equipment
Bucket for egg laying Rubbermaid commercial products 6308
CL2 IEC centrifuge with swinging bucket rotor Thermo Scientific 004260F
HB6 swinging bucket rotor Thermo Scientific 11860
Sorvall RC6 plus superspeed centrifuge Thermo Scientific 46910
UV crosslinker UVP 95-0174-01
Solutions
1x MMR 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM MgSO4, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 5 mM HEPES, adjust pH to 7.8 with 10 M NaOH
Aprotinin/Leupeptin stock 10 mg/ml each in water. Store 20 μl aliquots at -80 °C.
Buffer X 0.2 M sucrose, 80 mM KCl, 15 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM HEPES, adjust pH to 7.5 by HCl
Cycloheximide stock 10 mg/ml in water. Store 1 ml aliquots at -20 °C.
Cytochalasin B stock 5 mg/ml in DMSO. Store 20 μl aliquots at -20 °C.
Dithiothreitol (DTT) stock 1 M in water. Store 1 ml aliquots at -20 °C.
ELB 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM DTT, 50 μg/ml cycloheximide, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH7.7
Nocodazole stock 10 mg/ml in DMSO. Store 5 μl aliquots at -80 °C.
Energy Mixture 375 mM creatine phosphate, 50 mM ATP, and 25 mM MgCl2. Aliquots are saved at -80 °C.
Nuclear dye solution 0.4 μg/ml Hoechst 33258, 25% glycerol (v/v), in 1x PBS
Tautomycin stock 100 μM in DMSO. Store 10 μl aliquots at -80 °C.

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Willis, J., DeStephanis, D., Patel, Y., Gowda, V., Yan, S. Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts. J. Vis. Exp. (69), e4449, doi:10.3791/4449 (2012).

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