Derivazione di cellule cardiache progenitrici di cellule staminali embrionali
Summary
In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.
Introduction
Le malattie cardiache rimane la causa nel mondo leader di oggi e il tasso di mortalità sono rimasti pressoché invariati negli ultimi due decenni (American Heart Association). Vi è una necessità critica per lo sviluppo di nuove strategie terapeutiche per prevenire o invertire l'insufficienza cardiaca in modo efficace. Una strategia promettente è terapia cellulare a seguito del rapido sviluppo della biologia delle cellule staminali 1. A questo proposito, CPC multipotenti potrebbero essere una fonte eccellente cellule per la terapia a causa della loro capacità di proliferare ma impegnata solo differenziazione lineage cardiaca. Pertanto, il metodo efficiente e robusto per generare ed isolare CPC è di grande importanza per gli studi di terapia cellulare cardiaca.
Questo protocollo si concentra su CPC embrionali individuati durante l'embriogenesi precoce e di come la loro generazione dal CES. Vari CPC sono stati isolati dai cuori embrionali e adulte, anche da midollo osseo 2. Durante lo sviluppo embrionale, morphoge ossoproteine tiche (BMP), senza ali di tipo familiari sito di integrazione MMTV (Wnts) e segnali nodali inducono l'impegno della Mesp1 + mesoderma multipotenti 3. + Cellule Mesp1 poi differenziano nelle CPC embrionali 4. Questi CPC sono tipicamente caratterizzati da HCN4, NK2 homeobox 5 (NKX2-5), Isl LIM homeobox 1 (Isl1), T-box 5 (Tbx5), e dei miociti fattore enhancer 2C (MEF2C), formano campi cuore primarie e seconde, e contribuire alle principali parti del cuore durante cardiogenesis 5-10. CPC Sia NKX2-5 + e Isl1 + / MEF2C + sono in grado di differenziarsi in cardiomiociti, cellule muscolari lisce (SMC), e le cellule endoteliali 5-8. Così questi CPC daranno luogo a vascolare cardiaca così come i tessuti cardiaci e sono una fonte di cellule ideale per la terapia cardiaca cell-based. Di conseguenza, generando CPC in vitro è stato un obiettivo importante di ricerca in studi cardiovascolari. Dal CES hanno la capacità di espansione illimitata and rappresentano le cellule ICM allo stadio di blastocisti, la differenziazione dei CES in CPC embrionali seguito della embriogenesi naturale è considerato un approccio logico ed efficace per ottenere CPC.
Un approccio ampiamente applicata per ottenere CPC dal CES è quello di aggregare CES in EBs 11. Per migliorare l'efficienza differenziazione, fattori chimici e crescita definiti sulla base della conoscenza di sviluppo cardiaco sono stati utilizzati 12-14. Tuttavia, non ci sono marcatori CPC definitive, in particolare marcatori della superficie cellulare, che sono ampiamente accettate nel settore. Per risolvere questo problema, i CES sono progettati per contrassegnare Isl1 + o MEF2C CPC + e loro derivati, con i giornalisti fluorescenti che utilizzano il sistema / loxP Cre. Il ricombinasi cre è buttato in sotto il controllo di Isl1 / MEF2C promoter / enhancer. Modificata la proteina fluorescente o RFP gene YFP guidata da un promotore costitutivo possono essere attivate da escissione di arresto flox codone con cre ricombinasi(Isl1: cre; pCAG-flox-STOP-flox-GFP o RFP / Isl1-cre; Rosa26YFP / MEF2C-cre; Rosa26YFP) 5,6. Una volta che i CES sono differenziati in CPC secondo campo cuore, Isl1 / MEF2C promoter / enhancer cre guidato attiverà i reporter fluorescenti e CPC può essere arricchita da FACS-purificazione. In breve, il metodo di aggregazione EB viene utilizzato per avviare ESC differenziazione. Per migliorare l'efficienza differenziazione, le cellule differenziate sono trattati con acido ascorbico (AA) e fattori di crescita come Bmp4, Activin A e VEGF 13,15. Questo protocollo permette robusto ed efficiente differenziamento CPC utilizzando sia il mouse e CES umani.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This protocol combines a method using growth factors to guide mESCs differentiation and spontaneous differentiation of human ESCs into CPCs. CPC lineage marked with fluorescent reporter is used to efficiently identify and isolate CPCs by FACS. The FACS-purified CPCs retain the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells and have a comparable expression profile to the in vivo cells. Thus, these CPCs can serve as a great resource for cell based heart therapy because of their ability …
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Leonid Gnatovskiy for his carefully and critical reading of the paper. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL109054) and the Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan (Inaugural Fund) to WZ and from the Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine to BL.
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number |
| FBS | Thermo scentific | SH30070.03E |
| Knockout SR | Life technology | 10828028 |
| Knockout DMEM | Life technology | 10829018 |
| DMEM | Life technology | 11965118 |
| NEAA | Life technology | 11140050 |
| GlutaMAX | Life technology | 35050061 |
| N2 | Life technology | 17502048 |
| B27 | Life technology | 12587010 |
| Ham’s F12 | Life technology | 11765062 |
| IMDM | Life technology | 12440061 |
| Pen/Strep | Life technology | 15140122 |
| Pyruvate | Life technology | 11360070 |
| Dispase | Life technology | 17105041 |
| Stempro-34 | Life technology | 10639011 |
| DMEM/F12 | Life technology | 11330032 |
| BSA | Life technology | 15260037 |
| Trypsin | Life technology | 25200056 |
| Ascobic Acid | Sigma | A5960 |
| 1-Thioglycerol | Sigma | M1753 |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol | Sigma | M3148 |
| VEGF | R&D | 293-VE |
| Bmp4 | R&D | 314-BP |
| ActivinA | R&D | 338-AC |
| bFgf | R&D | 233-FB |
| Fgf10 | R&D | 345-FG |
| mTeSR | Stemcell technologies | 5850 |
| Matrigel | BD Biosciences | 354277 |
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