Summary

Brugen af ​​Puzzle Box som et middel til vurdering af effektiviteten af ​​miljøberigelse

Published: December 29, 2014
doi:

Summary

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple “Puzzle Box” method for assessing an animal’s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

Abstract

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington’s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent’s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter’s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Introduction

Miljøberigelse (EE) kan defineres som omgivelserne, der giver dyr med forøget mulighed for social interaktion, motorisk aktivitet og større sensorisk stimulation end normalt opleves i en standard laboratorium environment.EE har vist sig at konsekvent påvirker dyrenes adfærd, skabe ændringer såsom reduktion af stress og angst-relaterede aktivitet 8-10, forbedret ydeevne for indlæring og hukommelse opgaver 8,11, tidlig debut af motorisk koordination og sonderende aktivitet 11 ændringer i moderens omsorg 8 samt resistens over for afhængighedsskabende stoffer 12- 15. Endvidere har EE blevet afsløret til forbedring af virkningerne af neurodegenerative sygdomme, forsinkelse af indtræden og mindske sværhedsgraden af symptomer i dyremodeller af Huntingtons 1-4,16, Parkinsons 17 og Alzheimers sygdom 18.

Disse ændringer corvedrører de anatomiske og molekylære ændringer EE vides at inducere hele hjernen. Dyr, der opdrættes i berigede miljøer fra tidlige udviklingsstadier viser et utal af neurale forandringer, herunder øget hjerne vægt og kortikal tykkelse, dendritiske forgrening 9,2-22 og synaptisk tæthed 23. EE kan ændre både niveauet og timingen af vækstfaktor ekspression 9,24-30, som har vist sig at bidrage til en hurtigere udvikling af sensoriske 25,26,28,29, mnemonic 30 samt motoriske kredsløb 31,32.

Tidligere arbejde har afsløret til tider modstridende resultater, når de efterforsker virkningen af EE, uden at tage hensyn til de forskellige typer af dyr og miljøer, der anvendes inden for de enkelte undersøgelser 9,24,27,30. I øjeblikket er der ingen konsistent og enkel adfærdsmæssige opgave, der kan anvendes til at måle effektiviteten af ​​forskellige EE paradigmer i forskellige stammer og specerne af dyr.

Puslespillet Box opgave var udformet som en simpel test for at fastslå et dyrs native problemløsning evne 7. Dyr placeret i det åbne område er forpligtet til at fjerne hindre materialer ligger inden for en lille åbning for at få adgang til et overdækket område / husly. Hvert emne er givet tre forsøg med samme obstruktion for at vurdere tre forskellige kognitive egenskaber. Den første retssag giver en baseline indikation af iboende eller native problemløsning evne. Den anden retssag, køre på den samme dag, giver en indikation af dyrets evne til at forbedre på, og dermed styrke strategier til fjernelse af specifikke obstruktion. Den tredje forsøg udført på den følgende dag, giver et indblik i evne til emnet for at fastholde og huske den lærde løsning til opgaven.

Motivationen for at løse disse "obstruktion puslespil" af dyrene kan varieres, potentieltfremmane et medfødt ønske om at undgå åbne marker og søge ly, samt en iboende drev til at udforske deres omgivelser 6,7. De mange potentielle adfærdsmæssige bilister ligger til grund for ønsket om at løse gåden Box tyder på, at forskellige områder af hjernen er involveret i mediering opgaveløsningen. Tidligere arbejde har vist, at i murine modeller af skizofreni, er det præfrontale cortex samt hippocampus er involveret i købet af denne opgave 5. En læsion i rotter har også afsløret et stort antal hjernen er involveret i Puzzle Box ydeevne, herunder forskellige thalamiske kerner, hypothalamus, lillehjernen og limbiske strukturer regioner. Sammen disse resultater viser, at engagere sig i denne problemløsning opgave indebærer en række neurale strukturer i forbindelse med den kognitive funktion.

Puslespillet Box har været anvendt med succes til at vurdere problemløsning evne mus, samt kognitive udvises af murin modeller af skizofreni 5-7. Ydelse på opgaven har vist sig at være meget konsekvent, og korrelerer godt med resultaterne af andre kognitive adfærdsmæssige test 6. Målet med dette arbejde var således at tilpasse Puzzle Box opgave at blive en enkel og pålidelig bestemmelse af effektiviteten af ​​EE.

Protocol

Etik erklæring: Alle procedurer blev godkendt af Animal Ethics Committee fra University of Sydney og var i overensstemmelse med National Health og Medical Research Council i Australien retningslinjer. Procedurer blev udført på C57 / BL6J mus, som er opdrættet på University of Sydney Bosch gnaver Facility. Alle mus blev anbragt i en enkelt tilstrækkeligt ventileret rum i 21 ° C omgivelsestemperatur på en 12 h lys-mørke-cyklus med lys på i 0600 timer i individuelt ventilerede bure med ad libitum adgang …

Representative Results

De her beskrevne resultater er et repræsentativt udsnit, med data fra flere årgange, der består af forskellige kuld. Alle adfærdsmæssige test blev gennemført mellem 0700 og 1100 timer, med randomiseret forsøg rækkefølge af dyr inden for en kohorte. Dyr, der opdrættes i en beriget miljø (n = 14, 7 kvindelige og 7 mænd) tog betydeligt mindre tid til at løse, forhindringen opgaver inden for det Puzzle Box end dem, der rejses inden for en standard miljø (n = 15, 7 kvindelige og 8 mænd) (se Figur 3)</s…

Discussion

De fremlagte data viser, at Puzzle Box kan anvendes effektivt til at vurdere virkningen af ​​EE. Mus rejst i berigede miljøer konsekvent tog betydeligt mindre tid til at løse obstruktion gåder inden for denne adfærdsmæssige analyse end gjorde dyr, der opdrættes inden standardlaboratoriebetingelser. Desuden var mest fremtrædende i den første retssag for tre af de fire betingelser testede denne forskel, hvilket tyder på EE har større indflydelse på et dyrs native problemløsende evne i forhold til deres evn…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors have no acknowledgements.

Materials

Black Acrylic Board 750 x 280 mm
White Acrylic Board 280 x 250 mm
White Acrylic Board 280 x 250 mm
White Acrylic Board 750 x 250 mm
White Acrylic Board 750 x 250 mm
White Acrylic Board 150 x 280 mm
White Acrylic Board 280 x 250 mm with a 40 x 40 mm "door" cut into one side
Underpass 3 pieces of 40 x 120 mm plexiglass or acrylic
Note: If unable to access acrylic board, plexiglass or similar non-porous material will suffice.
Webcam Logitech C210 Fix to roof with electrical tape. Alternatively, use a tripod.
VirtualDub v1.10.4 VirtualDub N/A  Software for recording behaviour videos. Input from webcam.
TopScan v 3.0 CleverSys Inc. N/A  Software for automated top-view tracking and analysis of mouse behaviour. Captured videos are analysed post-hoc.

References

  1. Hockly, E., et al. Environmental enrichment slows disease progression in R6/2 Huntington’s disease mice. Ann Neurol. 51, 235-242 (2002).
  2. Spires, T. L., et al. Environmental enrichment rescues protein deficits in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease, indicating a possible disease mechanism. J Neurosci. 24, 2270-2276 (2004).
  3. van Dellen, A., Blakemore, C., Deacon, R., York, D., Hannan, A. J. Delaying the onset of Huntington’s in mice. Nature. 404, 721-722 (2000).
  4. van Dellen, A., Cordery, P. M., Spires, T. L., Blakemore, C., Hannan, A. J. Wheel running from a juvenile age delays onset of specific motor deficits but does not alter protein aggregate density in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease. BMC neuroscience. 9, 34 (2008).
  5. Ben Abdallah, N. M., et al. The puzzle box as a simple and efficient behavioral test for exploring impairments of general cognition and executive functions in mouse models of schizophrenia. Exp Neurol. 227, 42-52 (2011).
  6. Galsworthy, M. J., et al. Assessing reliability, heritability and general cognitive ability in a battery of cognitive tasks for laboratory mice. Behav Genet. 35, 675-692 (2005).
  7. Galsworthy, M. J., Paya-Cano, J. L., Monleon, S., Plomin, R. Evidence for general cognitive ability (g) in heterogeneous stock mice and an analysis of potential confounds. Genes Brain Behav. 1, 88-95 (2002).
  8. Sparling, J. E., Mahoney, M., Baker, S., Bielajew, C. The effects of gestational and postpartum environmental enrichment on the mother rat: A preliminary investigation. Behav Brain Res. 208, 213-223 (2010).
  9. Turner, C. A., Lewis, M. H. Environmental enrichment: effects on stereotyped behavior and neurotrophin levels. Physiol Behav. 80, 259-266 (2003).
  10. Turner, C. A., Lewis, M. H., King, M. A. Environmental enrichment: effects on stereotyped behavior and dendritic morphology. Dev Psychobiol. 43, 20-27 (2003).
  11. Turner, C. A., Yang, M. C., Lewis, M. H. Environmental enrichment: effects on stereotyped behavior and regional neuronal metabolic activity. Brain Res. 938, 15-21 (2002).
  12. Simonetti, T., Lee, H., Bourke, M., Leamey, C. A., Sawatari, A. Enrichment from birth accelerates the functional and cellular development of a motor control area in the mouse. PLoS One. 4, e6780 (2009).
  13. El Rawas, R., Thiriet, N., Lardeux, V., Jaber, M., Solinas, M. Environmental enrichment decreases the rewarding but not the activating effects of heroin. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 203, 561-570 (2009).
  14. Solinas, M., Chauvet, C., Thiriet, N., El Rawas, R., Jaber, M. Reversal of cocaine addiction by environmental enrichment). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105, 17145-17150 (2008).
  15. Solinas, M., Thiriet, N., Chauvet, C., Jaber, M. Prevention and treatment of drug addiction by environmental enrichment. Progress in neurobiology. 92, 572-592 (2010).
  16. Solinas, M., Thiriet, N., El Rawas, R., Lardeux, V., Jaber, M. Environmental enrichment during early stages of life reduces the behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular effects of cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 34, 1102-1111 (2009).
  17. Kondo, M., et al. Environmental enrichment ameliorates a motor coordination deficit in a mouse model of Rett syndrome–Mecp2 gene dosage effects and BDNF expression. Eur J Neurosci. 27, 3342-3350 (2008).
  18. Faherty, C. J., Raviie Shepherd, K., Herasimtschuk, A., Smeyne, R. J. Environmental enrichment in adulthood eliminates neuronal death in experimental Parkinsonism. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 134, 170-179 (2005).
  19. Gortz, N., et al. Effects of environmental enrichment on exploration, anxiety, and memory in female TgCRND8 Alzheimer mice. Behav Brain Res. 191, 43-48 (2008).
  20. Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C., Krech, D., Rosenzweig, M. R. Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity Brain. Science. 146, 610-619 (1964).
  21. Krech, D., Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L. Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 53, 509-519 (1960).
  22. Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C. Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy: a replication and extension. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 55, 429-437 (1962).
  23. Faherty, C. J., Kerley, D., Smeyne, R. J. A Golgi-Cox morphological analysis of neuronal changes induced by environmental enrichment. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 141, 55-61 (2003).
  24. Globus, A., Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C. Effects of differential experience on dendritic spine counts in rat cerebral cortex. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 82, 175-181 (1973).
  25. Greenough, W. T., Volkmar, F. R. Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments. Exp Neurol. 40, 491-504 (1973).
  26. Li, S., Tian, X., Hartley, D. M., Feig, L. A. The environment versus genetics in controlling the contribution of MAP kinases to synaptic plasticity. Current biology : CB. 16, 2303-2313 (2006).
  27. Angelucci, F., et al. Increased concentrations of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat cerebellum after exposure to environmental enrichment. Cerebellum. 8, 499-506 (2009).
  28. Cancedda, L., et al. Acceleration of visual system development by environmental enrichment. J Neurosci. 24, 4840-4848 (2004).
  29. Guzzetta, A., et al. Massage accelerates brain development and the maturation of visual function. J Neurosci. 29, 6042-6051 (2009).
  30. Ickes, B. R., et al. Long-term environmental enrichment leads to regional increases in neurotrophin levels in rat brain. Exp Neurol. 164, 45-52 (2000).
  31. Landi, S., Ciucci, F., Maffei, L., Berardi, N., Cenni, M. C. Setting the pace for retinal development: environmental enrichment acts through insulin-like growth factor 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci. 29, 10809-10819 (2009).
  32. Landi, S., et al. Retinal functional development is sensitive to environmental enrichment: a role for BDNF. FASEB J. 21, 130-139 (2007).
  33. Pham, T. M., et al. Changes in brain nerve growth factor levels and nerve growth factor receptors in rats exposed to environmental enrichment for one year. Neurosciences. 94, 279-286 (1999).
  34. Pham, T. M., Soderstrom, S., Winblad, B., Mohammed, A. H. Effects of environmental enrichment on cognitive function and hippocampal NGF in the non-handled rats. Behav Brain Res. 103, 63-70 (1999).
  35. Sale, A., Berardi, N., Maffei, L. Enrich the environment to empower the brain. Trends Neurosci. 32, 233-239 (2009).
  36. Sale, A., et al. Maternal enrichment during pregnancy accelerates retinal development of the fetus. PLoS One. 2, e1160 (2007).
  37. Wolansky, M. J., Cabrera, R. J., Ibarra, G. R., Mongiat, L., Azcurra, J. M. Exogenous NGF alters a critical motor period in rat striatum. Neuroreport. 10, 2705-2709 (1999).
  38. Wolansky, M. J., Paratcha, G. C., Ibarra, G. R., Azcurra, J. M. Nerve growth factor preserves a critical motor period in rat striatum. J Neurobiol. 38, 129-136 (1999).
  39. Thompson, R., Huestis, P. W., Crinella, F. M., Yu, J. Brain mechanisms underlying motor skill learning in the rat. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 69 (4), 191-197 (1990).
  40. Lipina, T. V., Palomo, V., Gil, C., Martinez, A., Roder, J. C. Dual inhibitor of PDE7 and GSK-3-VP1.15 acts as antipsychotic and cognitive enhancer in C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology. 64, 205-214 (2013).
  41. Carlier, P., Jamon, M. Observational learning in C57BL/6j mice. Behav Brain Res. 174, 125-131 (2006).
  42. Cole, B. J., Jones, G. H. Double dissociation between the effects of muscarinic antagonists and benzodiazepine receptor agonists on the acquisition and retention of passive avoidance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 118, 37-41 (1995).
  43. Woodside, B. L., Borroni, A. M., Hammonds, M. D., Teyler, T. J. NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate different aspects of acquisition and retention of a spatial memory task). Neurobiol Learn Mem. 81, 105-114 (2004).
  44. Ben Abdallah, N. M., M, N., et al. Impaired long-term memory retention: common denominator for acutely or genetically reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Behav Brain Res. 252, 275-286 (2013).
  45. Viola, G. G., et al. Influence of environmental enrichment on an object recognition task in CF1 mice. Physiol Behav. 99, 17-21 (2010).
  46. Schrijver, N. C., Bahr, N. I., Weiss, I. C., Wurbel, H. Dissociable effects of isolation rearing and environmental enrichment on exploration, spatial learning and HPA activity in adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 73, 209-224 (2002).
  47. Kempermann, G., Gast, D., Gage, F. H. Neuroplasticity in old age: sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment. Ann Neurol. 52, 135-143 (2002).
  48. Hattori, S., et al. Enriched environments influence depression-related behavior in adult mice and the survival of newborn cells in their hippocampi. Behav Brain Res. 180, 69-76 (2007).
  49. Barbelivien, A., et al. Environmental enrichment increases responding to contextual cues but decreases overall conditioned fear in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 169, 231-238 (2006).
  50. Sousa, N., Almeida, O. F., Wotjak, C. T. A hitchhiker’s guide to behavioral analysis in laboratory rodents. Genes Brain Behav. 5 Suppl 2, 5-24 (2006).
  51. Clelland, C. D., et al. A functional role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in spatial pattern separation. Science. 325, 210-213 (2009).
  52. Jentsch, J. D., et al. Dysbindin modulates prefrontal cortical glutamatergic circuits and working memory function in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 34, 2601-2608 (2009).
  53. Zhao, J., et al. Retinoic acid isomers facilitate apolipoprotein E production and lipidation in astrocytes through the RXR/RAR pathway. J Biol Chem. , (2014).
  54. Perez, H. J., et al. Neuroprotective effect of silymarin in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Toxicology. 319C, 38-43 (2014).
check_url/fr/52225?article_type=t

Play Video

Citer Cet Article
O’Connor, A. M., Burton, T. J., Leamey, C. A., Sawatari, A. The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment. J. Vis. Exp. (94), e52225, doi:10.3791/52225 (2014).

View Video