胞外DNA释放的高通量测量和人中性粒定量NET形成<em>体外</em
Summary
High throughput assays are presented that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NET release from human neutrophils.
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils developed several antimicrobial mechanisms including phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of a DNA scaffold decorated with histones and several granule markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE). NET release is an active process involving characteristic morphological changes of neutrophils leading to expulsion of their DNA into the extracellular space. NETs are essential to fight microbes, but uncontrolled release of NETs has been associated with several disorders. To learn more about the clinical relevance and the mechanism of NET formation, there is a need to have reliable tools capable of NET quantitation.
Here three methods are presented that can assess NET release from human neutrophils in vitro. The first one is a high throughput assay to measure extracellular DNA release from human neutrophils using a membrane impermeable DNA-binding dye. In addition, two other methods are described capable of quantitating NET formation by measuring levels of NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes. These microplate-based methods in combination provide great tools to efficiently study the mechanism and regulation of NET formation of human neutrophils.
Introduction
NET formation is a novel mechanism by which neutrophils fight pathogens.1 The core of NETs is nuclear DNA.1 This DNA network is associated with neutrophil granule proteins and histones.1 The main form of NET formation requires the death of neutrophils characterized by chromatin decondensation, disappearance of granular and nuclear membranes, translocation of neutrophils elastase to the nucleus, citrullination of histones and finally the spill of DNA-based NETs.2 NETs entrap and kill a wide variety of microbes and are an essential part of the innate immune weapon repertoire. Uncontrolled NET formation has, however, been linked to numerous autoinflammatory diseases.3,4 Despite their increasingly established relevance, little is known about the mechanism and regulation of NET release.
Neutrophils dying by releasing NETs are different from apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.3,5 NET-releasing neutrophils show several features that are characteristic for NET formation. Granule components are associated with DNA in NETs.1 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are both found in primary granules in resting cells but are translocated to the nucleus to bind to DNA in NETs.1 MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes are specific for NETs, do not occur in apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.1,3,5 Chromatin decondensation is another feature typical for NETosis.2 NET release also requires citrullination of histones by peptidyl aminidase 4 (PAD4).6 Citrullinated histones are hallmarks of neutrophils that underwent NET release.6
Here three methods are introduced that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NETs on a high-throughput scale. The first assay has been used on the field with different changes and quantitates extracellular DNA release in a microplate format. The second and third assays provide confirmation of NETs by measuring NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
英语教师代表是中性粒细胞杀死病原体。1虽然教师的文学过去十年里，因为他们发现，与他们的生物学，机制和调控作用，一些重要的问题仍不清楚不断扩大在一个迷人的新机制。适当的方法已被开发来衡量英语教师，这非常独特的抗菌机理。本文介绍了可用于定量英语教师在高通量的方式方法。第一测定如下的膜不透DNA结合染料的荧光的动力学。此法提供了大量的斜坡上，距离中性粒?…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the personnel of the University of Georgia Health Center laboratory for their continuous support of our work on isolating human neutrophils. This work was supported by the start-up fund of Dr. Rada provided by UGA Office of Vice President for Research.
Materials
| Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase Rabbit Ab | Calbiochem | 481001 | 1:2000X coated |
| Anti-Myeloperoxidase Ab (Rabbit) | Millipore | 07-496 | 1:2000X coated |
| DNase-1 | Roche | 10-104-159-001 | 1ug/ml used for digestion |
| 20mM EGTA/ PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
| 2.5 mM EGTA/PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
| Cell death detection ELISA Anti-DNA POD | Roche | 11544675001 | 1:500X |
| Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer | Biotek | ||
| Gen5 All-in-One microplate software | Biotek | analytical tool (ELISA) | |
| Sytox orange | Life Technology | S11368 | 0.2% final concentration/volume |
| 1 M Hepes | Cellgro | 25-060-Cl | Use 10 mM final concentration. |
| 1 M glucose | Sigma | Use 5 mM final concentration. | |
| HBSS | Corning | 21-023-CM | |
| Varioskan Flash Ver.2.4.3 | Thermoscientific | ||
| PMA | Sigma | P 8139 | 100nM final used |
| ELISA Plate | Greiner bio-one | 655061 | |
| Conical tubes 15ml | Thermoscientific | 339650 | |
| Conical tubes 50ml | Thermoscientific | 339652 | |
| Percoll (pH 8.5-9.5) | Sigma | P 1644 | Sodium Chloride, Sigma, S7653-250G |
| Dextran | Spectrum | D1004 | |
| RPMI 1640 media | Corning Cellgro | 17-105-CV | |
| 96 well assay plate black plate clear bottom | Costar | 3603 |
References
- Brinkmann, V., et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 303, 1532-1535 (2004).
- Fuchs, T. A., et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 176, 231-241 (2007).
- Kessenbrock, K., et al. Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis. Nat Med. 15, 623-625 (2009).
- Leffler, J., et al. Degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps co-varies with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 15, R34 (2013).
- Yoo, D. G., Floyd, M., Winn, M., Moskowitz, S. M., Rada, B. NET formation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates measured as release of myeloperoxidase-DNA and neutrophil elastase-DNA complexes. Immunol Lett. 160, 186-194 (2014).
- Wang, Y., et al. Histone hypercitrullination mediates chromatin decondensation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Cell Biol. 184, 205-213 (2009).
- Pang, L., Hayes, C. P., Buac, K., Yoo, D. G., Rada, B. Pseudogout-associated inflammatory calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate microcrystals induce formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J Immunol. 190, 6488-6500 (2013).
- Yoo, D. G., et al. Release of cystic fibrosis airway inflammatory markers from Pseudomonas aeruginosa-stimulated human neutrophils involves NADPH oxidase-dependent extracellular DNA trap formation. J. Immunol. 192, 4728-4738 (2014).
- Brinkmann, V., Laube, B., Abu Abed, ., Goosmann, U., Zychlinsky, C., A, Neutrophil extracellular traps, how to generate and visualize them. J. Vis. Exp. , (2010).
- Rada, B., et al. Pyocyanin-enhanced neutrophil extracellular trap formation requires the NADPH oxidase. PLoS One. 8, e54205 (2013).
- Neumann, A., et al. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 facilitates the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Biochem J. 464, 3-11 (2014).
- Leon, S. A., Shapiro, B., Sklaroff, D. M., Yaros, M. J. Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. Cancer Res. 37, 646-650 (1977).
- Raptis, L., Menard, H. A. Quantitation and characterization of plasma DNA in normals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 66, 1391-1399 (1980).
- Chang, C. P., et al. Elevated cell-free serum DNA detected in patients with myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta. 327, 95-101 (2003).
