肌肉注射沿运动终板：微创方法来接送示踪剂直接为运动神经元
Summary
The efficacy of intramuscular uptake and retrograde transport of molecules to corresponding motor neurons depends on the location of the injection sites with respect to the motor end plates (MEPs). Here, we describe how to locate MEPs on skeletal muscles to optimise retrograde transport of tracers into motor neurons.
Abstract
影响脊髓运动神经元疾病的诚信是最有神经衰弱的条件。在过去的几十年中，这些神经肌肉疾病的几种动物模型的发展提供了科学界与旨在延缓或逆转这些条件的级数不同的治疗方案。通过采取神经元逆行机械的优点，这些方法之一是对目标骨骼肌以穿梭治疗基因为对应脊髓运动神经元。虽然曾经有希望的，这样的基因递送方法的成功已经阻碍了转导的运动神经元它迄今所示，得到的亚最佳数目。马达的端板（的MEP）是在骨骼肌高度专业化的区域是在直接的突触接触到脊髓α运动神经元。在这方面，值得注意的是，重要的是，到目前为止，在努力逆行基因转移到运动神经元作了不参照该MEP区域的位置在目标肌肉。这里，我们描述一个简单的协议1）揭示骨骼肌的表面上，该MEP的确切位置和2）以使用该信息来指导肌内递送和逆行示踪剂的后续最佳逆行运输成运动神经元。我们希望利用来自于进一步研究这些追踪实验的结果通过进入欧洲议会议员的调查靶向治疗基因的逆行运输到脊髓运动神经元。
Introduction
自主运动而导致的神经系统疾病，如运动神经元病和spinal-以及假肥大型肌萎缩的控制权的丧失是一个衰弱的条件，即对每一天的生活受影响的个人的高持久的影响。在过去的十年中，旨在阻止或至少延迟这些神经肌肉疾病的有害影响的研究工作已经有很多临床医生和科学家在世界各地的一个优先事项。在这方面，最近一代模仿这些神经肌肉疾病的动物模型一直在获得基本见解底层的这些条件1-13的发展和进展的生理机制。这些神经肌肉疾病的治疗需要直接访问脊髓，并且可以通过脊髓注射14,15来实现。在基因治疗的最新进展已经还针对性鞋面的横纹肌和下肢穿梭治疗基因为相应的α运动神经元位于脊髓1,9-13的腹角内。然而，这一次希望的策略已经失败，以提高这些神经疾病的结果。虽然它是公平的结论是，这些不良后果可能是，至少部分是由于这些保护性基因的疗效低，不能排除这些基因传递方法的疗效低。
运动终板（MEPS）是由大周边运动纤维从α运动神经元发起轴突缩进骨骼myofibres专门的区域。总之，外周神经纤维末梢和欧洲议会议员组成的神经肌肉接头处， 即 ，在突触脉冲通过顺行释放神经递质乙酰胆碱引发了现场。重要的是，外周神经纤维和MEP之间的关系是双向的直销tional，虽然不同的马达分别负责分子和细胞器的朝向以及远离神经元的传输胞体16-18。鉴于这些解剖考虑，维护端点似乎是所选择的目标的递送和遗传物质的后续逆行运输到相应的运动神经元。在这种情况下，它是不奇怪的运动神经元传导的成功在很大程度上依赖于注射病毒载体和肌肉的维护端点19-20的肌内之间的距离。令人惊讶的是，然而，在实验室大鼠和小鼠的myofibres该MEP区域的准确位置，这两个物种的选择来建模神经肌肉疾病，没有可用的直到最近。
我们公司生产的MEP地区综合地图数前肢肌肉在大鼠和小鼠21-22。最近，我们已经表明了环境保护部R的组织的详细资料egion几个肌肉鼠标后肢23，我们目前正在分析对大鼠后肢的欧洲议会议员的特点。在我们的手中，定向到这些肌肉在整个MEP区逆行示踪剂肌内注射引起人们正在跨越多个脊髓节段比以前更多的报道标记的运动神经元。这里，我们提出已经开发了在过去的几年中，为揭示的MEP的位置上的外表面以及整个后肢的深度和前肢肌肉同时在小鼠和大鼠的协议。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
肌内靶向和治疗性转基因的后续逆行转移到相应的α运动神经元的实验性治疗的神经肌肉病症是不是一个新的策略。例如，这种递送方法已被用来延迟神经肌肉变性在ALS的进展在SOD1小鼠和大鼠1,9-12不同阶段以及在小鼠中有SMA 13。尽管有希望，这些基因治疗方案的功效受到了限制。在这方面，我们提出了转基因通过脊髓运动神经元的吸收可以通过在肌纤维中的运动终板的选择性靶向…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作是由国家健康与医疗研究中心（NHMRC）项目赠款支持RM
Materials
| Fluoro-Gold | Fluorochrome, LLC | Nil | Diluted to 5% |
| Drummond PCR Micropipets 1-10µl | Drummond Scientific | 5-000-1001-X10 | accompanied with plungers |
| Acetylthiocholine Iodide | Sigma Life Science | A5751-25G | |
| Copper(II) Sulfate Anhydrous | Sigma-Aldrich | 61230-500G-F | |
| Tissue-Tek O.C.T Compound | Sakura Finetek | 25608-930 | |
| Glycine | Ajax Finechem | 1083-500G | |
| Dextran, Tetramethylrhodamine and biotin | Life Technologies | D-3312 | Diliuted in distilled water |
| Isothesia | Provet | ISOF00 | 1000mg/g Isoflurane inhalation vapour |
| Autoclip 9mm Wound Clips | Texas Scientific Instruments, LLC | 205016 | |
| Lethabarb Enthanasia Injection | Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd. | LETHA450 | |
| Formaldehyde Solution | Ajax Finechem | A809-2.5L PL | |
| SuperFrost Plus glass slides | Menzel-Glaser | J1800AMNZ | |
| Ammonium Sulphide | Sigma-Aldrich | A1952 | Diluted to 10% |
| Marcain Spinal 0.5% (Bupivacaine hydrochloride) | Astrazenca | Diluted to 0.25% |
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