“以病人为像”肝癌原位同源小鼠模型的癌转移
Summary
癌症的转移扩散是癌症相关死亡的主要原因。我们提供了一个深入的描述，我们赖以生存的手术方法，为建立“以病人为像”原位同基因小鼠模型系统研究的实质器官肿瘤转移的机制。
Abstract
The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still unclear. Animal models are essential for elucidating the mechanisms and for evaluating novel strategies for the treatment of metastatic cancers. Here, an in-depth description of a “patient-like” orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for exploring the mechanisms of metastasis of solid organ tumors is provided. The survival surgical implantation of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c is described. The success and reproducibility of this methodology recommends it for widespread use in elucidating the biological mechanisms of solid organ cancer metastasis.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with poor prognosis and low life expectancy. Nearly all cancer-related deaths are due to the metastatic spread of the disease from the originating organ to additional distant organs2-6.HCC progression is a complex process. Therefore, being able to model the tumor microenvironment that is naturally found in metastatic HCC in animal models can prove to be a successful and useful way to reveal relevant mechanisms in humans.7Unfortunately, the mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still largely unclear. Therefore, there is a need to establish animal models that will enable us to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of metastases of cancers such as HCC3,5.
Mouse model systems are a very useful approach for delineating mechanisms and evaluating novel strategies for treatment of metastatic human cancers5,8. The various mouse model systems that presently exist are a testament to efforts of researchers to correctly depict the complexity of the disease5,8,9.
Ogunwobi and colleagues recently used a survival surgical approach to demonstrate establishment of a novel orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for the study of metastasis in HCC3. Their work established a “patient-like” mouse model that recapitulates features of aggressive and metastatic HCCs3. They further demonstrated that this mouse model system can be used to study the biology of circulating tumor cells, and that this holds potential for gaining novel insights into the mechanisms of cancer metastasis3.
The aim of this paper is to describe in detail the methodology used in establishing this “patient-like” orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of HCC metastasis3. The methodology of how to implant BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse HCC cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c3 using survival surgery will be described. Unlike other mouse xenograft tumor models where human tumor cells are implanted into immune deficient mice, this system is syngeneic and is, therefore, suitable for studying the role of the immune system in tumor metastasis3,5,8. This approach will likely gain widespread use for studying the mechanisms of metastasis in solid organ cancers.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
在这篇文章中进行了深入描述的方法的是考虑到最近报道Ogunwobi和成功地建立了肝癌转移的原位同基因小鼠模型的同事（图2）3。肿瘤的接受率在此过程中普遍偏高。我们先前观察到的100％3肿瘤接受率。然而，接受率可以根据研究者的能力是可变的。在由下一个训练新研究生完成的最新的实验中，将肿瘤接受率较低，为40％。尽管大多数实验终止于4 – 由于在体况评分?…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Pascal DuBois for proof-reading the article. The authors would also like to thank the personnel of the Animal Facility at Hunter College of The City University of New York. This work was supported by a NIH RCMI grant to Hunter College.
Materials
| Micro Dissecting Tweezer | Roboz | (RS-5040) | Tip .20 x .12mm |
| Graefe Micro Dissecting Forceps, serrated curved tip | Roboz | (RS-5111) | 1 X 2 teeth, curved tip width 0.6mm |
| Micro Dissecting Retractor-Agricola (3 by 3 prongs) | Roboz | (RS-6501) | Blunt 3 X 3 prongs, depth 4mm, spread 25mm |
| Micro Dissecting Retractor-Goldstein (3 by 3 prongs) | Roboz | (RS-6503) | Blunt, 3 X 3 prongs, depth 4mm, spread 19mm |
| Jameson Caliper (Measures tumors) | Roboz | (RS-6466) | 80mm/3 inch scale, chrome plated |
| Micro Dissecting Scissors, large ring sissors, straight and sharp | Roboz | (RS-5852) | 23mm blades, length 4 inches, flat shanks and large rings |
| Scalpel with blades, for delicate dissecting procedures | Roboz | (RS-9861-36) | |
| Scalpel handle | Roboz | (RS-9884) | Solid |
| Littauer Stitch Sissors | Roboz | (RS-7074) | Length 4.5 inches |
| Brown needle holder, for easy suture tying | Roboz | (RS-7960) | Convex jaw, fine serrations |
| Reflex 7MM wound clips with reflex 7 clip applier | Roboz | (RS-9262) | safe, secure alternative method of wound closure |
| Instrument tray and lid | Roboz | RT-1350S | |
| Mini-clipper with detachable blade | Roboz | (RS-5903) | |
| Germinator 500 (the Germ Terminator) Dry Sterilizer | Roboz | Ds-400, Ds-401, DS-501 | For fast decontamination of micro-dissecting instruments. Instruments decontaminate within 15 seconds. |
| Microinjection needles | VWR | BD305125 | 25G Needle |
References
- Sheng, W., et al. Capture, release and culture of circulating tumor cells from pancreatic cancer patients using an enhanced mixing chip. Lab on a Chip. 14, 89-98 (2014).
- Ogunwobi, O. O., Liu, C. Therapeutic and prognostic importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver cancers: insights from experimental models. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 83, 319-328 (2012).
- Ogunwobi, O. O., Puszyk, W., Dong, H. J., Liu, C. Epigenetic upregulation of HGF and c-Met drives metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. PloS One. 8, e63765 (2013).
- Ogunwobi, O. O., Liu, C. Hepatocyte growth factor upregulation promotes carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma via Akt and COX-2 pathways. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 28, 721-731 (2011).
- Fujiwara, S., et al. A novel animal model for in vivo study of liver cancer metastasis. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 18, 3875-3882 (2012).
- Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physical interactions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Nature Reviews Cancer. 11, 512-522 (2011).
- Heindryckx, F., Colle, I., Van Vlierberghe, H. Experimental mouse models for hepatocellular carcinoma research. International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 90, 367-386 (2009).
- Zhang, L., et al. An in vivo mouse model of metastatic human thyroid cancer. Thyroid Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 24, 695-704 (2014).
- Menezes, M. E., et al. Genetically engineered mice as experimental tools to dissect the critical events in breast cancer. Advances in Cancer Research. 121, 331-382 (2014).
- Ogunwobi, O. O., Wang, T., Zhang, L., Liu, C. Cyclooxygenase-2 and Akt mediate multiple growth-factor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 27, 566-578 (2012).
- Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R. A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 100, 57-70 (2000).
- Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., MacDonald, I. C. Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2, 563-572 (2002).
- Kim, M. Y., et al. Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells. Cell. 139, 1315-1326 (2009).
- Stolpe, A., Pantel, K., Sleijfer, S., Terstappen, L. W., den Toonder, J. M. Circulating tumor cell isolation and diagnostics: toward routine clinical use. Recherche en cancérologie. 71, 5955-5960 (2011).
- Saad, F., Pantel, K. The current role of circulating tumor cells in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases in advanced prostate cancer. Future Oncology. 8, 321-331 (2012).
