Generazione di scalabili, Metallic Tacchi-Aspect nanocompositi Rapporto in un Biologica Liquid Media
Summary
Qui vi presentiamo un protocollo per sintetizzare nuovi, ad alto rapporto di aspetto biocompositi in condizioni biologiche e in mezzi liquidi. I biocompositi scala da nanometri a micrometri di diametro e lunghezza, rispettivamente. Nanoparticelle di rame (CNPS) e solfato di rame in combinazione con cistina sono le componenti chiave per la sintesi.
Abstract
L'obiettivo di questo protocollo è quello di descrivere la sintesi di due nuovi biocompositi con strutture ad alto rapporto-aspetto. I biocompositi consistono di rame e cistina, sia con nanoparticelle di rame (CNPS) o solfato di rame contribuendo componente metallico. Sintesi è condotta in un liquido in condizioni biologiche (37 ° C) e la forma compositi autoassemblati dopo 24 ore. Una volta formati, questi composti sono altamente stabili in entrambi i liquidi e in una forma secca. I compositi ridimensionare dal nano alle micro gamma di lunghezza, e da pochi micron a 25 nm di diametro. Emissione di campo microscopia elettronica a scansione con spettroscopia a dispersione di energia dei raggi X (EDX) ha dimostrato che lo zolfo è presente nelle strutture lineari NP-derivati, mentre era assente dal materiale di partenza CNP, confermando cistina come fonte di zolfo nei nanocompositi finali . Durante la sintesi di questi nano e micro-compositi lineari, una vasta gamma di lunghezze di structures è formata nel serbatoio di sintesi. Sonicazione della miscela liquida dopo la sintesi è stata dimostrata per aiutare a controllare dimensione media delle strutture diminuendo la lunghezza media con un tempo di sonicazione. Poiché le strutture formate sono altamente stabili, non agglomerato, e si formano in fase liquida, centrifugazione può essere utilizzato anche per aiutare a concentrare e segreganti compositi formati.
Introduction
Copper is a highly reactive metal that in the biological world is essential in some enzyme functions 1,2, but in higher concentrations is potently toxic including in the nanoparticulate form 3,4. Concern over copper toxicity has become more relevant as CNPs and other copper-based nanomaterials are utilized, due to the increased surface area/mass for nanostructures. Thus, even a small mass of copper, in nanoparticle form, could cause local toxicity due to its ability to penetrate the cell and be broken down into reactive forms. Some biological species can complex with and chelate metal ions, and even incorporate them into biological structures as has been described in marine mussels 5. In studying the potential toxic effects of nanomaterials 4, it was discovered that over time, and under biological conditions used for typical cell culturing (37 °C and 5% CO2), stable copper biocomposites could be formed with a high-aspect ratio (linear) structure.
By a process of elimination, the initial discovery of these linear biocomposites, which occurred in complete cell culture media, was simplified to a defined protocol of essential elements needed for the biocomposites to self-assemble. Self-assembly of two types of highly linear biocomposites was discovered to be possible with two starting metal components: 1) CNPs and 2) copper sulfate, with the common biological component being cystine. Although more complex, so called “urchin” and “nanoflower” type copper-containing structures with nanoscale and microscale features have been previously reported, these were produced under non-biological conditions, such as temperatures of 100 °C or greater 6-8. To our knowledge, synthesis of individual, linear copper-containing nanostructures that are scalable in liquid phase under biological conditions has not been previously described.
One of the starting materials utilized for synthesis of nanocomposites, namely CNPs, has been reported previously to be very toxic to cells 4. It has recently been reported that after the nanocomposites are formed, these structures are less toxic on a per mass basis than the starting NPs 9. Thus, the synthesis described here may be derived from a biological and biochemical reaction that has utility in stabilizing reactive copper species, both in the sense of transforming the NP form into larger structures and in producing composites less toxic to cells.
In contrast to many other nanomaterial forms which are known to aggregate or clump upon interaction with biological liquid media 10,11, once formed, the highly linear composites described here avoid aggregation, possibly due to a redistribution of charge which has been previously reported 9. As detailed in the current work, this avoidance of aggregation is convenient for the purposes of working with the structures once formed for at least 3 reasons: 1) composite structures once formed may be concentrated using centrifugation and then easily dispersed again using vortex mixing; 2) formed structures can be decreased in average size by sonication for different periods of time; and 3) the formed linear structures may provide an additional tool for avoiding the recently described “coffee ring effect” 12 and thus provide a dopant for creating more evenly distributed coatings of materials, especially those containing spherical particulates.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Nel valutare potenziali effetti tossici di nanomateriali compreso CNPS, è stato osservato che nel lungo termine, CNPS furono trasformati da una distribuzione di particelle inizialmente più dispersa ad una forma aggregata maggiore (Figura 2). In alcuni casi, queste formazioni altamente aggregati che sono stati prodotti nel piatto di coltura cellulare, in condizioni biologiche, formate proiezioni altamente lineari da dell'aggregato centrale, che ricordano rame precedentemente descritto contengono &q…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of Alfred Gunasekaran in electron microscopy studies at the Institute of Micromanufacturing at Louisiana Tech University, and Dr. Jim McNamara for assistance with additional microscopy studies. The work described was supported in part by Louisiana board of Regents PKSFI Contract No. LEQSF (2007-12)-ENH-PKSFI-PRS-04 and the James E. Wyche III Endowed Professorship from Louisiana Tech University (to M.D.).
Materials
| Mini Vortexer | VWR (https://us.vwr.com) | 58816-121 | |
| CO2 Incubator Model # 2425-2 | VWR (https://us.vwr.com) | Contact vendor | Current model calalog # 98000-360 |
| Eppendorf Centrifuge (Refrigerated Microcentrifuge) | Labnet (http://labnetinternational.com/) | C2500-R | Model Prism R |
| Cell Culture Centrifuge Model Z323K | Labnet (http://labnetinternational.com/) | Contact vendor | Current model Z206A catalog # C0206-A |
| Sonicator (Ultrasonic Cleaner) | Branson Ultrasonics Corporation (http://www.bransonic.com/) | 1510R-MTH | |
| Balance | Sartorius (http://dataweigh.com) | Model CP225D similar model CPA225D | |
| Olympus IX51 Inverted Light Microscope | Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com | Contact vendor | |
| Olympus DP71 microscope digital camera | Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com | Contact vendor | |
| external power supply unit- white light for Olympus microscope | Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com | TH4-100 | |
| 10x, 20, and 40x microscope objectives | Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com | Contact vendor | |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | Hitachi (http://hitachi-hitec.com/global/em/sem/sem_index.html) | model S-4800 | |
| Transmission Electron Microscope | Zeiss (http://zeiss.com/microscopy/en_de/products.html) | model Libra 120 | |
| Table Top Work Station Unidirectional Flow Clean Bench | Envirco (http://envirco-hvac.com) | model PNG62675 | Used for sterile cell culture technique |
References
- Klinman, J. P. The copper-enzyme family of dopamine beta-monooxygenase and peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase: resolving the chemical pathway for substrate hydroxylation. The Journal of biological chemistry. 281, 3013-3016 (2006).
- Uauy, R., Olivares, M., Gonzalez, M. Essentiality of copper in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 67, 952S-959S (1998).
- Karlsson, H. L., Cronholm, P., Gustafsson, J., Copper Moller, L. oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chemical research in toxicology. 21, 1726-1732 (2008).
- Parekh, G., et al. Layer-by-layer nanoencapsulation of camptothecin with improved activity. International journal of pharmaceutics. 465, 218-227 (2014).
- Harrington, M. J., Masic, A., Holten-Andersen, N., Waite, J. H., Fratzl, P. Iron-clad fibers: a metal-based biological strategy for hard flexible coatings. Science. 328, 216-220 (2010).
- Keyson, D., et al. CuO urchin-nanostructures synthesized from a domestic hydrothermal microwave method. Materials Research Bulletin. 43, 771-775 (2008).
- Liu, B., Zeng, H. C. Mesoscale organization of CuO nanoribbons: formation of ‘dandelions’. J Am Chem Soc. 126, 8124-8125 (2004).
- Peng, M., et al. Controllable synthesis of self-assembled Cu2S nanostructures through a template-free polyol process for the degradation of organic pollutant under visible light. Materials Research Bulletin. 44, 1834-1841 (2009).
- Deodhar, S., Huckaby, J., Delahoussaye, M., DeCoster, M. A. High-Aspect Ratio Bio-Metallic Nanocomposites for Cellular Interactions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 64, 012014 (2014).
- Montes-Burgos, I., et al. Characterisation of nanoparticle size and state prior to nanotoxicological studies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 12, 47-53 (2010).
- Wiogo, H. T., Lim, M., Bulmus, V., Yun, J., Amal, R. Stabilization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biological media by fetal bovine serum (FBS). Langmuir. 27, 843-850 (2011).
- Yunker, P. J., Still, T., Lohr, M. A., Yodh, A. G. Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions. Nature. 476, 308-311 (2011).
- Kahler, H., Lloyd Jr, B., Eden, M. Electron Microscopic and Other Studies on a Copper–Cystine Complex. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 56, 768-770 (1952).
- Furia, E., Sindona, G. Complexation of L-cystine with metal cations. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 55, 2985-2989 (2010).
- Hawkins, C., Perrin, D. Polynuclear Complex Formation. II. Copper (II) with Cystine and Related Ligands. Inorganic Chemistry. 2, 843-849 (1963).
- Hallman, P., Perrin, D., Watt, A. E. The computed distribution of copper (II) and zinc (II) ions among seventeen amino acids present in human blood plasma. Biochem. J. 121, 549-555 (1971).
- Jensen, L. S., Maurice, D. V. Influence of sulfur amino acids on copper toxicity in chicks. The Journal of nutrition. 109, 91-97 (1979).
- Lee, Y., Choi, J. R., Lee, K. J., Stott, N. E., Kim, D. Large-scale synthesis of copper nanoparticles by chemically controlled reduction for applications of inkjet-printed electronics. Nanotechnology. 19, 415604 (2008).
- Hume, J., et al. Engineered coiled-coil protein microfibers. Biomacromolecules. 15, 3503-3510 (2014).
