光动力疗法与混合导电高分子/富勒烯纳米颗粒光敏剂
Summary
This protocol describes a method for the fabrication of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene. These nanoparticles were investigated for their potential use as a next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).
Abstract
In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed by hydrophobic interaction of the semiconducting polymer MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) with the fullerene PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the presence of a non-compatible solvent. MEH-PPV has a high extinction coefficient that leads to high rates of triplet formation, and efficient charge and energy transfer to the fullerene PCBM. The latter processes enhance the efficiency of the PDT system through fullerene assisted triplet and radical formation, and ultrafast deactivation of MEH-PPV excited stated. The results reported here show that this nanoparticle PDT sensitizing system is highly effective and shows unexpected specificity to cancer cell lines.
Introduction
在光动力疗法（PDT）光敏剂施用给靶组织，并在接触光光敏剂产生活性氧（ROS）。活性氧物种如单线态氧和超氧化物可以诱导氧化应激和细胞和组织1-4后续结构损坏。因为它易于应用的这种方法已被积极地研究和临床试验已经发生5,6-。然而，显著的问题，如敏化剂的暗毒性，患者感光度（由于敏化剂的非选择性分布），以及疏水性的敏化剂（其导致生物利用度降低和潜在的急性毒性）保持。
这里，我们报告了一种用于制造和体外进行配合富勒烯作为下一代光敏剂用于光动力聚合物纳米颗粒的评价。纳米颗粒通过自聚集形成所述高分子半导体MEH-PPV（聚[2-甲氧基-5-（2-乙基己氧基）-1,4-亚苯基亚乙烯基]）与富勒烯PCBM（苯基-C 61 -丁酸甲酯）当溶解在相容的这些材料溶剂迅速注入到非相容的溶剂（图1A）。 MEH-PPV作为宿主聚合物的选择是由它的高消光系数，导致的激发三重态的形成率高激励，既高效又超快电荷和能量转移到富勒烯PCBM 7。这些特性非常适合单线态氧和超氧形成PDT的致敏。
富勒烯事实上已经在PDT中被应用在两个分子和纳米颗粒形式8-13。然而，严重的毒性阻碍了进一步的发展12。在这里，我们表明，在MEH-PPV的基质包封富勒烯，得到复合MEH-PPV / PCBM的纳米颗粒的结果在一个PDT敏化材料，我不是本质的细胞毒性，表明向癌细胞由于纳米颗粒尺寸和表面电荷，和产量高效PDT治疗在低光剂量的特异性由于上述光物理特性。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
为了实现纳米粒子吸收，有必要保持一定的临界措施而制造该纳米颗粒。甲10 -6 M的 MEH-PPV溶液（混合有50重量％PCBM）在THF准备注入DI水，因为据观察，这种溶液的浓度在确定纳米粒子的尺寸起重要作用而形成。浓度通过紫外可见光谱检查。需要注意的是在协议步骤2.1.3，有必要首先在服药前的UV-vis光谱，因为该溶液稀释最初制备的MEH-PPV溶液（未稀释MEH-PPV原液）具有吸光度大于1喷射的速度?…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation (NSF) for financial support of this work through a CAREER award (CBET-0746210) and through award CBET-1159500. We would like to thank Dr. Turkson (Univ. of Hawaii Cancer Center) and Dr. Altomare (Univ. of Central Florida College of Medicine) for assistance with cell culture.
Materials
| Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) | Sigma Aidrich | 536512-1G | average Mn 150,000-250,000 |
| [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) | Sigma Aidrich | 684449-500MG | > 99.5% |
| Tetrahydrofuran (THF) | EMD | TX0284-6 | Drisolv |
| 1 ml syringe | National Scientific Company | 37510-1 | For filtration of MEH-PPV solution |
| Syringe filter | VWR | 28145-495 | 25 mm, 0.2 µm, PTFE |
| 1 ml syringe | Hamilton Company | 81320 | For injection of MEH-PPV solution into water to make nanoparticles |
| Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium/Ham's F-12 50/50 Mix (DMEM) | Corning (VWR) | 45000-350 | |
| Hank's Balanced Salt Solution without phenol red (HBSS) | Quality Biological (VWR) | 10128-740 | |
| Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1X without calcium and magnesium (DPBS) | Corning (VWR) | 45000-436 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum, Regular (Heat Inactivated) (FBS) | Corning (VWR) | 45000-736 | |
| Trypsin EDTA 1X 0.25% | Corning (VWR) | 45000-664 | Trypsin/2.21 mM EDTA in HBSS without sodium bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium Porcine Parvovirus Tested |
| 16% Paraformaldehyde | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 15710 | 16% paraformaldehyde is diluted to 4% by adding PBS |
| DAPI | Biotium VWR | 89139-054 | Nuclear stain |
| 5 ml pipettes | VWR | 82050-478 | |
| 75 cm2 culture flask | VWR | 82050-856 | for culturing cells |
| 96-well plates | VWR | 82050-771 | for MTT assays |
| Tissue Culture Dishes with Vents | Greiner Bio-One (VWR) | 82050-538 | |
| Propidium iodide | Molecular probes | P3566 | |
| Annexin V FITC | Invitrogen | A13199 | dye for apoptosis |
| Celltiter 96 non-R 1000 assays | Promega (VWR) | PAG4000 | MTT |
| CellROX Green Reagent, for oxidative stress detection | Invitrogen | C10444 | For ROS detection |
| UV-vis spectrometer | Agilent 8453 | ||
| Fluorescence spectrometer | NanoLog HoribaJobin Yvon | ||
| Dynamic light scattering | PD2000DLS, Precision detector | ||
| Incubator | NuAir DH Autoflow | ||
| Confocal microscope | Zeiss Axioskop2 | 63X oil immersion objective lens | |
| Epiluminescence microscope | Olympus IX71 | 60X water immersion objective lens, Andor Zyla sCMOS camera | |
| Solar Simulator | Newport 67005 Oriel Instruments | ||
| Reference solar cell | Oriel | VLSI Standards Incorporated | |
| Microplate reader | BioTek Ex808 | ||
| Hemocytometer | Hausser Scientific Partnership | 3200 | For counting cells |
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