Fabrikasjon av lav temperatur karbon nanorør Vertikale Interconnects Kompatibel med Semiconductor Technology
Summary
A method for the growth of low temperature vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes, and the subsequent fabrication of vertical interconnect electrical test structures using semiconductor fabrication is presented.
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 °C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive thin-films. Due to the low growth temperature, the process allows integration with modern low-κ dielectrics and some flexible substrates. The process is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication, and a method for the fabrication of electrical 4-point probe test structures for vertical interconnect test structures is presented. Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the CNT bundles is investigated, which demonstrates vertical alignment of the CNT and can be used to tune the CNT growth time. With Raman spectroscopy the crystallinity of the CNT is investigated. It was found that the CNT have many defects, due to the low growth temperature. The electrical current-voltage measurements of the test vertical interconnects displays a linear response, indicating good ohmic contact was achieved between the CNT bundle and the top and bottom metal electrodes. The obtained resistivities of the CNT bundle are among the average values in the literature, while a record-low CNT growth temperature was used.
Introduction
Kobber og wolfram, metallene som i dag brukes for sammenkoblinger i state-of-the-art svært stor skala integrering (VLSI) teknologi, nærmer sine fysiske grenser når det gjelder pålitelighet og elektrisk ledningsevne en. Mens nedskalering transistorer generelt forbedrer sine prestasjoner, er det faktisk øker motstanden og strømtetthet av forbindelser. Dette resulterte i sammenkoblinger som dominerer integrert krets (IC) ytelse i forhold til forsinkelsen og strømforbruk to.
Karbon nanorør (CNT) er foreslått som alternativ for Cu og W metallise, spesielt for vertikale forbindelser (vias) som CNT kan lett blitt dyrket vertikal tre. CNT har vist seg å ha utmerket elektrisk pålitelighet, slik at en opp til 1000 ganger høyere strømtetthet enn Cu 4. Dessuten, CNT ikke lider av overflaten og korn grensen spredning, er noe som øker resistivity av Cu på nanometer skala 5. Endelig CNT har vist seg å være gode varmeledere 6, noe som kan hjelpe til i den termiske styring i VLSI-chips.
For vellykket integrering av CNT i VLSI-teknologi er det viktig at vekstprosesser for CNT er gjort kompatibel med halvledere. Dette krever den lave temperatur veksten av CNT (<400 ° C) ved bruk av materialer og utstyr som anses kompatible og skalerbar til storskala produksjon. Mens mange eksempler på CNT test vias er påvist i litteraturen 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, de fleste av disse bruker Fe som katalysator som regnes som forurensning i IC produksjon 15. Dessuten veksttemperatur brukes i mange av disse arbeider er mye høyere enn den øvre grense på 400 ° C. Fortrinn CNT bør også dyrkes under 350 ° C, for å tillate integrering med moderne lav-κ dielektrika eller fleksibelunderlag.
Her presenterer vi en skalerbar metode for voksende CNT ved temperaturer så lave som 350 ° C ved hjelp Co som katalysator 16. Denne metoden er av interesse for å fabrikkere forskjellige elektriske strukturer som består av vertikalt CNT i integrerte kretser, alt fra interconnect og elektroder til superkondensatorer og feltutslipps enheter. The Co katalysatormetall blir ofte brukt i IC industrien for fremstilling av silisid s 17, mens TiN er en ofte brukt barrieremateriale 7. Videre viser vi en prosess for å fabrikkere CNT test vias mens bare ved hjelp av teknikker fra standard produksjon av halvledere. Med dette er CNT test vias stilles, kontrolleres ved scanning-elektronmikroskopi (SEM) og Raman-spektroskopi, og elektrisk karakteriserte.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Figur 1 viser en skjematisk oversikt over konstruksjonen fremstilt i dette arbeidet, og som ble anvendt for 4-punkts sonde-målinger. Etter hvert som potensialet måles gjennom prober bærer ingen strøm, den nøyaktige spenningsfallet (V H -V L) over den sentrale bunt CNT og dets kontakter til metallet måles. Større diameter CNT bunter anvendes for å kontakte den nederste TiN laget fra kontaktflatene, for å redusere den totale motstand for den aktuelle tvinger sondene og utnyt…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Part of the work has been performed in the project JEMSiP_3D, which is funded by the Public Authorities in France, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, as well as by the ENIAC Joint Undertaking. The authors would like to thank the Dimes Technology Centre staff for processing support.
Materials
| Materials | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| Si (100) wafer 4" | International Wafer Service | Resisitivity: 2-5 mΩ-cm, thickness: 525 µm | |
| Ti-sputtertarget (99.995 % purity) | Praxair | ||
| Al (1% Si)-sputtertarget (99.999 % purity) | Praxair | ||
| Co (99.95 % purity) | Kurt J. Lesker | ||
| Chemicals | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| SPR3012 positive photoresist | Dow Electronic Materials | ||
| MF-322 developer | Dow Electronic Materials | ||
| HNO3 (99.9 %) | KMG Ultra Pure Chemicals | ||
| HNO3 (69.5%) | KMG Ultra Pure Chemicals | ||
| HF 0.55% | Honeywell | ||
| Tetrahydrofuran | JT Baker | ||
| Acetone | Sigma-Aldrich | ||
| ECI3027 positive photoresist | AZ | ||
| Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) | Praxair | ||
| Gasses | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| N2 (99.9990%) | Praxair | ||
| O2 (99.9999%) | Praxair | ||
| CF4 (99.9970%) | Praxair | ||
| CL2 (99.9900%) | Praxair | ||
| HBr (99.9950%) | Praxair | ||
| Ar (99.9990%) | Praxair | ||
| C2F6 (99.9990%) | Praxair | ||
| CHF3 (99.9950%) | Praxair | ||
| H2 (99.9950%) | Praxair | ||
| C2H2 (99.6000%) | Praxair | ||
| Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| EVG 120 coater/developer | EVG | ||
| ASML PAS5500/80 waferstepper | ASML | ||
| SPTS Ωmega 201 plasma etcher | SPTS | Used for Si and metal etching | |
| SPTS Σigma sputter coater | SPTS | ||
| Novellus Concept One PECVD | LAM | ||
| Drytek 384T plasma etcher | LAM | Used for oxide etching | |
| CHA Solution e-beam evaporator | CHA | ||
| AIXTRON BlackMagic Pro CVD tool | AIXTRON | Carbon nanotube growth | |
| Philips XL50 scanning electron microscope | FEI | ||
| Tepla 300 | PVA TePla | Resist plasma stripper | |
| Avenger rinser dryer | Microporcess Technologies | ||
| Leitz MPV-SP reflecometer | Leitz | ||
| Renishaw inVia Raman spectroscope | Renishaw | ||
| Agilent 4156C parameter spectrum analyzer | Agilent | ||
| Cascade Microtech probe station | Cascade Microtech |
References
- Sun, S. C. Process technologies for advanced metallization and interconnect systems. Technical digest of the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting. , 765-768 (1997).
- Robertson, J. Growth of nanotubes for electronics. Mater. Today. 10 (1-2), 36-43 (2007).
- Wei, B. Q., Vajtai, R., Ajayan, P. M. Reliability and current carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (8), 1172-1174 (2001).
- Rossnagel, S. M., Wisnieff, R., Edelstein, D., Kuan, T. S. Interconnect issues post 45nm. Technical digest of the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting. , 89-91 (2005).
- Pop, E., Mann, D., Wang, Q., Goodson, K., Dai, H. Thermal Conductance of an Individual Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube above Room Temperature. Nano Lett. 6 (1), 96-100 (2006).
- Chiodarelli, N., et al. Measuring the electrical resistivity and contact resistance of vertical carbon nanotube bundles for application as interconnects. Nanotechnology. 22 (8), 085302 (2011).
- Choi, Y. -. M., et al. Integration and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Array for Interconnect Applications. Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. , 262-265 (2006).
- Dijon, J., et al. Ultra-high density Carbon Nanotubes on Al-Cu for advanced Vias. Technical digest of the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting. , 33-34 (2010).
- Kreupl, F., et al. Carbon nanotubes in interconnect applications. Microelectron. Eng. 64 (1-4), 399-408 (2002).
- Vereecke, B., et al. Characterization of carbon nanotube based vertical interconnects. Extended Abstracts of the 2012 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. , 648-649 (2012).
- Vollebregt, S., Ishihara, R., Derakhshandeh, J., vander Cingel, J., Schellevis, H., Beenakker, C. I. M. Integrating low temperature aligned carbon nanotubes as vertical interconnects in Si technology. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. , 985-990 (2011).
- Yokoyama, D., et al. Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Grown at a Low Temperature for Use as Interconnects. Jpn J. App. Phys. 47 (4), 1985-1990 (2008).
- Van der Veen, M. H., et al. Electrical Improvement of CNT Contacts with Cu Damascene Top Metallization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference. , 193-195 (2013).
- Istratov, A. A., Hieslmair, H., Weber, E. R. Iron contamination in silicon technology. Appl. Phys. A. 70, 489-534 (2000).
- Vollebregt, S., Tichelaar, F. D., Schellevis, H., Beenakker, C. I. M., Ishihara, R. Carbon nanotube vertical interconnects fabricated at temperatures as low as 350 °C. 71, 249-256 (2014).
- Kikkawa, T., Inoue, K., Imai, K. Cobalt silicide technology. Silicide Technology for Integrated Circuits. , 77-94 (2004).
- Vollebregt, S., Ishihara, R., Tichelaar, F. D., Hou, Y., Beenakker, C. I. M. Influence of the growth temperature on the first and second-order Raman band ratios and widths of carbon nanotubes and fibers. Carbon. 50 (10), 3542-3554 (2012).
- Lim, S. C., et al. Contact resistance between metal and carbon nanotube interconnects: Effect of work function and wettability. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 (26), 264103 (2009).
- Awano, Y., et al. Carbon nanotube via interconnect technologies: size-classified catalyst nanoparticles and low-resistance ohmic contact formation. Phys. Status Solidi (a). 203 (14), 3611-3616 (2006).
- Van der Veen, M. H., et al. Electrical characterization of CNT contacts with Cu Damascene top contact. Microelectron. Eng. 106, 106-111 (2012).
- Horibe, M., Nihei, M., Kondo, D., Kawabata, A., Awano, Y. Mechanical Polishing Technique for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects in ULSIs. Jpn J. App. Phys. 43 (9A), 6499-6502 (2004).
- Vollebregt, S., Chiaramonti, A. N., Ishihara, R., Schellevis, H., Beenakker, C. I. M. Contact resistance of low-temperature carbon nanotube vertical interconnects. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. , 424-428 (2012).
- Fiorentino, G., Vollebregt, S., Tichelaar, F. D., Ishihara, R., Sarro, P. M. Impact of the atomic layer deposition precursors diffusion on solid-state carbon nanotube based supercapacitors performances. Nanotechnology. 26 (6), 064002 (2015).
