Análise baseada em Citometria de Fluxo Imaging- e da Posição celular eo ciclo celular em 3D melanoma Spheroids
Summary
We describe two complementary methods using the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) and image analysis or flow cytometry to identify and isolate cells in the inner G1 arrested and outer proliferating regions of 3D spheroids.
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids are utilized in cancer research as a more accurate model of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. The spheroid model is able to mimic the effects of cell-cell interaction, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, and drug penetration. One characteristic of this model is the development of a necrotic core, surrounded by a ring of G1 arrested cells, with proliferating cells on the outer layers of the spheroid. Of interest in the cancer field is how different regions of the spheroid respond to drug therapies as well as genetic or environmental manipulation. We describe here the use of the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system along with cytometry and image analysis using commercial software to characterize the cell cycle status of cells with respect to their position inside melanoma spheroids. These methods may be used to track changes in cell cycle status, gene/protein expression or cell viability in different sub-regions of tumor spheroids over time and under different conditions.
Introduction
Esferóides multicelulares 3D têm sido conhecida como um modelo de tumor durante décadas, no entanto, só recentemente é que eles tenham entrado em uso mais comuns, como um modelo in vitro para muitos cancros sólidos. Eles são cada vez mais utilizados em telas de alto rendimento de descoberta de drogas como um intermediário entre o complexo, caro e em modelos in vivo demorado e o simples, modelo de monocamada 2D baixo custo 1-6. Estudos em cultura 2D são muitas vezes incapazes de ser replicado in vivo. Modelos esferóides de muitos tipos de cancro são capazes de imitar as características de crescimento, de sensibilidade a drogas, a penetração da droga, as interacções célula-célula, a disponibilidade limitada de nutrientes e de oxigénio e de desenvolvimento de necrose que é visto in vivo em tumores sólidos 6-11. Os esferóides desenvolver um núcleo necrótico, uma região preso quiescente ou G1 que rodeia o núcleo, em proliferação e células na periferia do esferóide 7. O desenvolvimento destas regiõespode variar dependendo da densidade celular, a taxa de proliferação e do tamanho do esferóide 12. Postula-se que a heterogeneidade celular visto nestas sub-regiões diferentes podem contribuir para o câncer resistência terapêutica 13,14. Portanto, a capacidade de analisar as células nessas regiões é crucial para as respostas separadamente drogas compreensão tumorais.
O sistema indicador de fluorescência ubiquitinação do ciclo celular (FUCCI) baseia-se no vermelho (Kusabira Laranja – KO) e verde (verde Azami – AG) a marcação fluorescente de CDT1 e geminin, que são degradados em diferentes fases do ciclo celular 15. Assim núcleos celulares aparecem em vermelho no G1, amarelo no início S e verde no S / G2 / M fase. Nós descrevemos aqui dois métodos complementares tanto utilizando FUCCI para identificar o ciclo celular, juntamente com o uso de software de imagem ou de um fluxo de difusão do corante citometria de ensaio para determinar se as células residem no centro da G1 preso ou o exterior proliferatinanel G, e a distância de células individuais a partir da borda do esferóide. Estes métodos foram desenvolvidos na nossa publicação anterior, onde foi demonstrado que as células de melanoma em regiões hipóxicas no centro do esferóide ou / e na presença de terapias específicas são capazes de permanecer em G1 prisão por longos períodos de tempo, e pode re- entrar no ciclo celular quando as condições mais favoráveis surgem 7.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Análise de imagens semi-automatizado identificou a região G1 presos interior esferóide, proliferando e camadas exteriores. Este método pode ser usado em esferóides vivo usando uma secção óptica, ou em secções fixas esferóides, para identificar mudanças na não só o ciclo celular, mas a expressão do marcador (por imunofluorescência), a morte celular, ou a morfologia das células nestas regiões diferentes. Motilidade celular dentro de diferentes regiões esferóides podem também ser quantificada – se as i…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We thank Ms. Danae Sharp and Ms. Sheena Daignault for technical assistance. We thank Dr. Atsushi Miyawaki, RIKEN, Wako-city, Japan, for providing the FUCCI constructs, Dr. Meenhard Herlyn and Ms. Patricia Brafford, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, for providing cell lines, the Imaging and Flow Cytometry Facility at the Centenary Institute for outstanding technical support. We thank Mr. Chris Johnson and Dr. Andrew Barlow for Volocity software technical support. N.K.H. is a Cameron fellow of the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute, Australia. K.A.B. is a fellow of the Cancer Institute New South Wales (13/ECF/1-39). W.W. is a fellow of the Cancer Institute New South Wales (11/CDF/3-39). This work was supported by project grants RG 09-08 and RG 13-06 (Cancer Council New South Wales), 570778 and 1051996 (Priority-driven collaborative cancer research scheme/Cancer Australia/Cure Cancer Australia Foundation), 08/RFG/1-27 (Cancer Institute New South Wales), and APP1003637 and APP1084893 (National Health and Medical Research Council).
Materials
| Hoechst 33342 | Life Technologies | H3570 | |
| agarose low melting point | Life Technologies | 16520-050 | For sectioning |
| noble agar | Sigma | A5431 | For making spheroids |
| agarose for spheroids | Fisher Scientific | BP1356-100 | For making spheroids |
| 0.05% trypsin/EDTA | Life Technologies | 25300-054 | |
| HBSS | Life Technologies | 14175-103 | |
| 10% formalin | Sigma | HT5014-1CS | CAUTION: Harmful, corrosive. Use Personal Protective Equipment, do not breath fumes (open in a fume cupboard). |
| live/dead near IR | Life Technologies | L10119 | |
| vibratome | Technical Products International, Inc | ||
| coulture cup | Thermo-Fisher Scientific | SIE936 | Mold for sectioning spheroids |
| hemocytometer | Sigma | Z359629 | |
| 96-well tissue culture plate | Invitro | FAL353072 | |
| collagenase | Sigma | C5138 | |
| confocal microscope | Leica | TCS SP5 | |
| Flow cytometer analyser | Becton Dickinson | LSRFortessa | |
| volocity | PerkinElmer | Imaging software | |
| flowjo | Tree Star | Flow cytometry software | |
| Vaccuum grease | Sigma | Z273554 | |
| Mounting media | Vector Laboratories | H1000 | |
| FUCCI (commercial constructs) | Life Technologies | P36238 | Transient transfection only |
| Cell strainer 70 um | In Vitro | FAL352350 | |
| Round bottom 5 mL tubes (sterile) | In Vitro | FAL352003 | |
| Round bottom 5 mL tubes (non-sterile) | In Vitro | FAL352008 |
References
- LaBarbera, D. V., Reid, B. G., Yoo, B. H. The multicellular tumor spheroid model for high-throughput cancer drug discovery. Expert opinion on drug discovery. 7, 819-830 (2012).
- Beaumont, K. A., Mohana-Kumaran, N., Haass, N. K. Modeling Melanoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Healthcare. 2, 27-46 (2014).
- Smalley, K. S., Lioni, M., Noma, K., Haass, N. K., Herlyn, M. In vitro three-dimensional tumor microenvironment models for anticancer drug discovery. Expert opinion on drug discovery. 3, 1-10 (2008).
- Reid, B. G., et al. Live multicellular tumor spheroid models for high-content imaging and screening in cancer drug discovery. Current chemical genomics and translational medicine. 8, 27-35 (2014).
- Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Freyer, J. P., Hofstaedter, F., Ebner, R. The use of 3-D cultures for high-throughput screening: the multicellular spheroid model. Journal of biomolecular screening. 9, 273-285 (2004).
- Hirschhaeuser, F., et al. Multicellular tumor spheroids: an underestimated tool is catching up again. Journal of biotechnology. 148, 3-15 (2010).
- Haass, N. K., et al. Real-time cell cycle imaging during melanoma growth, invasion, and drug response. Pigment cell & melanoma research. 27, 764-776 (2014).
- Lucas, K. M., et al. Modulation of NOXA and MCL-1 as a strategy for sensitizing melanoma cells to the BH3-mimetic ABT-737. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 18, 783-795 (2012).
- Smalley, K. S., et al. Multiple signaling pathways must be targeted to overcome drug resistance in cell lines derived from melanoma metastases. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 5, 1136-1144 (2006).
- Thoma, C. R., Zimmermann, M., Agarkova, I., Kelm, J. M., Krek, W. 3D cell culture systems modeling tumor growth determinants in cancer target discovery. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 69-70, 29-41 (2014).
- Santini, M. T., Rainaldi, G. Three-dimensional spheroid model in tumor biology. Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology. 67, 148-157 (1999).
- Sutherland, R. M. Cell and environment interactions in tumor microregions: the multicell spheroid model. Science. 240, 177-184 (1988).
- Haass, N. K. Dynamic tumour heterogeneity in melanoma therapy: how do we address this in a novel model system?. Melanoma Manag. 2, 93-95 (2015).
- Desoize, B., Jardillier, J. Multicellular resistance: a paradigm for clinical resistance. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 36, 193-207 (2000).
- Sakaue-Sawano, A., et al. Visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics of multicellular cell-cycle progression. Cell. 132, 487-498 (2008).
- Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. Purification of specific cell population by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2010).
- Smalley, K. S., et al. Up-regulated expression of zonula occludens protein-1 in human melanoma associates with N-cadherin and contributes to invasion and adhesion. The American journal of pathology. 166, 1541-1554 (2005).
- Wang, Q., et al. Targeting glutamine transport to suppress melanoma cell growth. International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer. 135, 1060-1071 (2014).
- Lorenzo, C., et al. Live cell division dynamics monitoring in 3D large spheroid tumor models using light sheet microscopy. Cell division. 6, 22 (2011).
- Pampaloni, F., Ansari, N., Stelzer, E. H. High-resolution deep imaging of live cellular spheroids with light-sheet-based fluorescence microscopy. Cell and tissue research. 352, 161-177 (2013).
- Durand, R. E. Use of Hoechst 33342 for cell selection from multicell systems. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 30, 117-122 (1982).
- Laurent, J., et al. Multicellular tumor spheroid models to explore cell cycle checkpoints in 3D. BMC cancer. 13, 73 (2013).
- LaRue, K. E., Khalil, M., Freyer, J. P. Microenvironmental regulation of proliferation in multicellular spheroids is mediated through differential expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Cancer research. 64, 1621-1631 (2004).
- Kyle, A. H., Huxham, L. A., Baker, J. H., Burston, H. E., Minchinton, A. I. Tumor distribution of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells is strongly dose dependent. Cancer research. 63, 5707-5711 (2003).
- Minchinton, A. I., Tannock, I. F. Drug penetration in solid tumours. Nature reviews. Cancer. 6, 583-592 (2006).
- Giesbrecht, J. L., Wilson, W. R., Hill, R. P. Radiobiological studies of cells in multicellular spheroids using a sequential trypsinization technique. Radiation research. 86, 368-386 (1981).
