JoVE Journal > Chemistry
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Résultats
Discussion
Divulgations
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
Traduction automatique
Chimie

Udarbejdelse af Carbon Nanosheets ved stuetemperatur

Published: March 08, 2016
doi:
10.3791/53505
, , , , ,
1Institute of Materials,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 2Colloid Chemistry Department,Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces

Summary

We present the synthesis of an amphiphilic hexayne and its use in the preparation of carbon nanosheets at the air-water interface from a self-assembled monolayer of these reactive, carbon-rich molecular precursors.

Abstract

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich “oligoyne” segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into defined aggregates in aqueous media and at the air-water interface. In the aggregated state, the oligoynes can then be carbonized under mild conditions while preserving the morphology and the embedded chemical functionalization. This novel approach provides direct access to functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In this article, we present a synthetic approach that allows us to prepare hexayne carboxylate amphiphiles as carbon-rich siblings of typical fatty acid esters through a series of repeated bromination and Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions. The obtained compounds are designed to self-assemble into monolayers at the air-water interface, and we show how this can be achieved in a Langmuir trough. Thus, compression of the molecules at the air-water interface triggers the film formation and leads to a densely packed layer of the molecules. The complete carbonization of the films at the air-water interface is then accomplished by cross-linking of the hexayne layer at room temperature, using UV irradiation as a mild external stimulus. The changes in the layer during this process can be monitored with the help of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Moreover, a transfer of the carbonized films onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique has enabled us to prove that they were carbon nanosheets with lateral dimensions on the order of centimeters.

Introduction

Todimensionale carbon nanostrukturer tiltrække betydelig opmærksomhed på grund af de rapporterede fremragende elektriske, termiske, samt mekaniske egenskaber 1-5. Disse materialer forventes at fremme den tekniske udvikling inden for polymer kompositmaterialer 6, energi lagringsenheder 7 og molekylær elektronik 8-10. Trods intensiv forskning i de seneste år, men adgang til større mængder af veldefinerede kulstof nanomaterialer er stadig begrænset, hvilket vanskeliggør gennemførelsen storstilet i teknologiske anvendelser 11,12.

Carbon nanomaterialer er tilgængelige med top-down eller bottom-up tilgange. Typiske tilgange såsom eksfoliering teknikker 13 eller højenergi-processer på overflader 14-16 giver mulighed for at få materialer med en høj grad af strukturel perfektion og meget gode resultater. Imidlertid er isolering og oprensning af the produkter er fortsat udfordrende, og produktionen storstilet af definerede nanostrukturerede materialer er vanskelig 12. På den anden side kan bottom-up-tilgange anvendes, som er afhængige af anvendelsen af molekylære forstadier, deres arrangement i definerede strukturer, og en efterfølgende forkoksning, der giver kulstof nanostrukturer 17-23. I dette tilfælde precursorerne selv er mere komplekse og deres fremstilling kræver ofte multiple syntetiske trin. Disse fremgangsmåder kan tilbyde en høj grad af kontrol over de kemiske og fysiske egenskaber af de resulterende materialer og kan stille en direkte adgang til skræddersyede materialer. Imidlertid er omdannelsen af precursorerne til carbonfibre nanomaterialer typisk ved temperaturer over 800 ° C, hvilket fører til et tab af den indlejrede kemisk funktionalisering 24-27.

De ovenfor nævnte begrænsninger er blevet behandlet i vores gruppe ved at ansætte meget reaktive oligoynes at CAn konverteres til kulstof nanomaterialer ved stuetemperatur 28,29. Især amfifiler omfatter en hydrofil hovedgruppe og en hexayne segment er tilgængelige gennem en sekvens af bromering og palladium-medieret Negishi krydskoblingsreaktioner 30,31. Omdannelsen af ​​disse precursor molekyler til målstrukturen forekommer ved eller under stuetemperatur ved bestråling med UV-lys. Den høje reaktivitet af oligoyne amfifiler gør brugen af ​​bløde skabeloner, såsom luft-vand grænsefladen eller fluid-væske-grænseflader, mulig. I tidligere undersøgelser, vi med succes forberedt vesikler fra opløsninger af hexayne glycosid amfifiler 28. Tværbinding af disse vesikler blev opnået under milde betingelser ved UV-bestråling af prøverne. Desuden har vi for nylig fremstillet selv-samlede monolag fra hexaynes med et methylcarboxylatdelen hovedgruppe og en hydrofob alkyl- hale ved luft-vand-grænsefladen i en Langmuir truget. Den tætte pakninged molekylære forstadier blev derefter ligefrem omdannet til selvbærende kulstof nanosheets ved stuetemperatur ved UV-bestråling. I relaterede tilgange definerede molekylære forstadier nylig har været anvendt til fremstilling af to-dimensionelt udvidede nanosheets ved luft-vand grænsefladen 32-38.

Målet med dette arbejde er at give en kortfattet, praktisk overblik over de samlede syntese og fabrikation skridt der giver mulighed for udarbejdelse af kulstof nanosheets fra hexayne amfifiler. Fokus er på den eksperimentelle tilgang og præparative spørgsmål.

Protocol

Forsigtig: Sørg for at høre de relevante materialer sikkerhedsdatablade (MSDS), før brug af kemiske forbindelser. Nogle af de kemikalier, der anvendes i disse synteser er akut giftige og kræftfremkaldende. Tilberedte nanomaterialer kan have yderligere farer i forhold til deres bulk-modstykke. Det er bydende nødvendigt at bruge alle passende sikkerhedsforanstaltninger, når du udfører reaktioner (stinkskab) og personlige værnemidler (sikkerhedsbriller, handsker, lab coat, fuld længde bukser, lukkede-toe sko). Hvi…

Representative Results

13C kernemagnetisk resonans (NMR) spektrum af den fremstillede precursor molekyle 3 Viser 12 sp-hybridiserede carbonatomer i hexayne segmentet med de tilsvarende kemiske skift af δ = 82-60 ppm (figur 1b). Desuden er signalerne ved δ = 173 ppm og ved δ = 52 ppm tildelt carbonyl og methyl carbon af esteren hhv. Signalerne mellem δ = 33-14 ppm tilskrives de alifatiske carbonatomer i dodecyl- rest. Den tilsvarende UV / Vis absorptions…

Discussion

Den ønskede hexayne amphiphil (3) er ligefremt fremstilles ved sekventiel bromering 52,53 og Pd-katalyseret forlængelse 30,31 af alkyn segment, efterfulgt af en endelig afbeskyttelsesreaktion af tritylphenyl ester (2) (figur 1a) 29. Den vellykkede syntese bekræftes af 13C NMR-spektret (figur 1b) samt UV-Vis absorptionsspektrum (fig 1c) 31,54. Dette viser letkøbt natur ved hvilken højere oligoyne homologe kan fr…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Funding from the European Research Council (ERC Grant 239831) and a Humboldt Fellowship (BS) is gratefully acknowledged.

Materials

Methyllithium lithium bromide complex (2.2M solution in diethylether) Acros 18129-1000 air-sensitive, flammable
Zinc chloride (0.7M solution in THF) Acros 38945-1000 air-sensitive, flammable
1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]
dichloropalladium(II), DCM adduct 		 Boron Molecular BM187
N-Bromosuccinimide Acros 10745 light-sensitive
Silver fluoride Fluorochem 002862-10g light-sensitive
n-Butyllithium (2.5M solution in hexanes) Acros 21335-1000 air-sensitive, flammable
Sodium methanolate Acros 17312-0050
Tetrahydrofuran (unstabilized, for HPLC) Fisher Chemicals T/0706/PB17 This solvent was dried as well as degassed using a solvent purification system (Innovative Technology, Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA)
Toluene (for HPLC) Fisher Chemicals T/2306/17 This solvent was dried as well as degassed using a solvent purification system (Innovative Technology, Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA)
Acetonitrile (for HPLC) Fisher Chemicals A/0627/17 This solvent was dried as well as degassed using a solvent purification system (Innovative Technology, Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA)
Dichloromethane (Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve) Acros 34846-0010
Chloroforme (p.a.) VWR International 1.02445.1000
Pentane Reactolab 99050 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Heptane Reactolab 99733 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Dichloromethane Reactolab 99375 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Diethylether Reactolab 99362 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Geduran silica gel (Si 60, 40-60µm) Merck 1115671000
Langmuir trough R&K, Potsdam
Thermostat  E1 Medingen
Hamilton syringe  Model 1810 RN SYR
Vertex 70 FT-IR spectrometer  Bruker
External air/water reflection unit (XA-511)  Bruker
UV lamp (250 W, Ga-doped metal halide bulb) UV-Light Technology
Brewster angle microscope (BAM1+)  NFT Göttingen
Sapphire substrates Stecher Ceramics
Quantifoil holey carbon TEM grids Electron Microscopy Sciences
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Bruker Avance III 400) Bruker
JASCO V-670 UV/Vis spectrometer JASCO
Scanning Electron Microscope (Zeiss Merlin FE-SEM) Zeiss
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Geim, A. K., Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nature Mater. 6 (3), 183-191 (2007).
  2. Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J. W., Hone, J. Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene. Science. 321 (5887), 385-388 (2008).
  3. Lee, J. H., Loya, P. E., Lou, J., Thomas, E. L. Dynamic mechanical behavior of multilayer graphene via supersonic projectile penetration. Science. 346 (6213), 1092-1096 (2014).
  4. Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 (1), 109-162 (2009).
  5. Lau, C. N., Bao, W., Velasco, J. Properties of suspended graphene membranes. Mater. Today. 15 (6), 238-245 (2012).
  6. Ramanathan, T., et al. Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites. Nature Nanotechnol. 3 (6), 327-331 (2008).
  7. Fan, Z., Yan, J., Ning, G., Wei, T., Zhi, L., Wei, F. Porous graphene networks as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Carbon. 60, 558-561 (2013).
  8. Fiori, G., et al. Electronics based on two-dimensional materials. Nature Nanotechnol. 9 (10), 768-779 (2014).
  9. Burghard, M., Klauk, H., Kern, K. Carbon-Based Field-Effect Transistors for Nanoelectronics. Adv. Mater. 21 (25-26), 2586-2600 (2009).
  10. Avouris, P., Chen, Z., Perebeinos, V. Carbon-based electronics. Nature Nanotechnol. 2 (10), 605-615 (2007).
  11. Zurutuza, A., Marinelli, C. Challenges and opportunities in graphene commercialization. Nature Nanotechnol. 9 (10), 730-734 (2014).
  12. Novoselov, K. S., Fal’ko, V. I., Colombo, L., Gellert, P. R., Schwab, M. G., Kim, K. A roadmap for graphene. Nature. 490 (7419), 192-200 (2013).
  13. Novoselov, K. S., et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science. 306 (5696), 666-669 (2004).
  14. Li, X., et al. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils. Science. 324 (5932), 1312-1314 (2009).
  15. Sun, Z., Yan, Z., Yao, J., Beitler, E., Zhu, Y., Tour, J. M. Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources. Nature. 468 (7323), 549-552 (2010).
  16. Lee, J. H., et al. Wafer-scale growth of single-crystal monolayer graphene on reusable hydrogen-terminated germanium. Science. 344 (6181), 286-289 (2014).
  17. Scott, L. T., et al. A rational chemical synthesis of C60. Science. 295 (5559), 1500-1503 (2002).
  18. Hoheisel, T. N., Schrettl, S., Szilluweit, R., Frauenrath, H. Nanostructured Carbonaceous Materials from Molecular Precursors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (37), 6496-6515 (2010).
  19. Schrettl, S., Frauenrath, H. Elements for a Rational Polymer Approach towards Carbon Nanostructures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (27), 6569-6571 (2012).
  20. Müllen, K. Evolution of Graphene Molecules: Structural and Functional Complexity as Driving Forces behind Nanoscience. ACS Nano. 8 (7), 6531-6541 (2014).
  21. Chen, L., Hernandez, Y., Feng, X., Müllen, K. From Nanographene and Graphene Nanoribbons to Graphene Sheets: Chemical Synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (31), 7640-7654 (2012).
  22. Paraknowitsch, J. P., Thomas, A. Functional Carbon Materials From Ionic Liquid Precursors. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 213 (10-11), 1132-1145 (2012).
  23. Titirici, M. M., et al. Sustainable carbon materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (1), 250-290 (2015).
  24. Angelova, P., et al. A universal scheme to convert aromatic molecular monolayers into functional carbon nanomembranes. ACS Nano. 7 (8), 6489-6497 (2013).
  25. Zhi, L., Wu, J., Li, J., Kolb, U., Müllen, K. Carbonization of Disclike Molecules in Porous Alumina Membranes : Toward Carbon Nanotubes with Controlled Graphene-Layer Orientation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (14), 2120-2123 (2005).
  26. Zhi, L., et al. From Well-Defined Carbon-Rich Precursors to Monodisperse Carbon Particles with Hierarchic Structures. Adv. Mater. 19 (14), 1849-1853 (2007).
  27. Matei, D. G., et al. Functional single-layer graphene sheets from aromatic monolayers. Adv. Mater. 25 (30), 4146-4151 (2013).
  28. Szilluweit, R., et al. Low-temperature preparation of tailored carbon nanostructures in water. Nano Lett. 12 (5), 2573-2578 (2012).
  29. Schrettl, S., et al. Functional carbon nanosheets prepared from hexayne amphiphile monolayers at room temperature. Nature Chem. 6 (6), 468-476 (2014).
  30. Hoheisel, T. N., Frauenrath, H. A Convenient Negishi Protocol for the Synthesis of Glycosylated Oligo(ethynylene)s. Org. Lett. 10 (20), 4525-4528 (2008).
  31. Schrettl, S., et al. Facile synthesis of oligoyne amphiphiles and their rotaxanes. Chem. Sci. 6 (1), 564-574 (2015).
  32. Sakamoto, J., van Heijst, J., Lukin, O., Schlüter, A. D. Two-Dimensional Polymers: Just a Dream of Synthetic Chemists?. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (6), 1030-1069 (2009).
  33. Bauer, T., et al. Synthesis of Free-Standing, Monolayered Organometallic Sheets at the Air/Water Interface. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (34), 7879-7884 (2011).
  34. Payamyar, P., et al. Synthesis of a Covalent Monolayer Sheet by Photochemical Anthracene Dimerization at the Air/Water Interface and its Mechanical Characterization by AFM Indentation. Adv. Mater. 26 (13), 2052-2058 (2014).
  35. Zheng, Z., et al. Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Analogues of Copolymers by Site-to-Site Transmetalation of Organometallic Monolayer Sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (16), 6103-6110 (2014).
  36. Sakamoto, R., et al. A photofunctional bottom-up bis(dipyrrinato)zinc(II) complex nanosheet. Nature Commun. 6, 6713 (2015).
  37. van Heijst, J., Corda, M., Lukin, O. Compounds bearing multiple photoreactive chalcone units: Synthesis and study towards 2D polymerization in Langmuir monolayers. Polymer. 70, 1-7 (2015).
  38. Murray, D. J., et al. Large area synthesis of a nanoporous two-dimensional polymer at the air/water interface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (10), 3450-3453 (2015).
  39. Li, J. J., Limberakis, C., Pflum, D. A. . Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory. , (2007).
  40. Chai, C., Armarego, W. L. F. . Purification of Laboratory Chemicals. , (2003).
  41. Hoheisel, T. N., et al. A multistep single-crystal-to-single-crystal bromodiacetylene dimerization. Nature Chem. 5 (4), 327-334 (2013).
  42. Brzozowska, A. M., Duits, M. H. G., Mugele, F. Stability of stearic acid monolayers on Artificial Sea Water. Colloids Surf., A. 407, 38-48 (2012).
  43. Davies, J. T., Rideal, E. K. . Interfacial Phenomena. , (1963).
  44. Mendelsohn, R., Flach, C. R. Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectrometry of Monolayer Films at the Air-Water Interface. Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy. , 1028-1041 (2002).
  45. Mendelsohn, R., Mao, G., Flach, C. R. Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy: Principles and applications to lipid-protein interaction in Langmuir films. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1798 (4), 788-800 (2010).
  46. Hoenig, D., Moebius, D. Direct visualization of monolayers at the air-water interface by Brewster angle microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. 95 (12), 4590-4592 (1991).
  47. Hénon, S., Meunier, J. Microscope at the Brewster angle: Direct observation of first-order phase transitions in monolayers. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 (4), 936-939 (1991).
  48. Kirby, K. W., Shanmugasundaram, K., Bojan, V., Ruzyllo, J. Interactions of Sapphire Surfaces with Standard Cleaning Solutions. ECS Trans. 11 (2), 343-349 (2007).
  49. Blodgett, K. B. Films Built by Depositing Successive Monomolecular Layers on a Solid Surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (6), 1007-1022 (1935).
  50. Langmuir, I., Schaefer, V. J. Activities of Urease and Pepsin Monolayers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (6), 1351-1360 (1938).
  51. Mendelsohn, R., Brauner, J. W., Gericke, A. External infrared reflection absorption spectrometry of monolayer films at the air-water interface. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 46 (1), 305-334 (1995).
  52. Hofmeister, H., Annen, K., Laurent, H., Wiechert, R. A Novel Entry to 17a-Bromo- and 17a-Iodoethynyl Steroids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 23 (9), 727-729 (1984).
  53. Kim, S., Kim, S., Lee, T., Ko, H., Kim, D. A New, Iterative Strategy for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Polyynes: Application to the Total Synthesis of 15,16-Dihydrominquartynoic Acid. Org. Lett. 6 (20), 3601-3604 (2004).
  54. Chalifoux, W. A., Tykwinski, R. R. Synthesis of polyynes to model the sp-carbon allotrope carbyne. Nature Chem. 2 (11), 967-971 (2010).
  55. Kaganer, V. M., Möhwald, H., Dutta, P. Structure and phase transitions in Langmuir monolayers. Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (3), 779-819 (1999).
  56. Eda, G., et al. Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. 22 (4), 505-509 (2010).
  57. Kumar, P. V., Bardhan, N. M., Tongay, S., Wu, J., Belcher, A. M., Grossman, J. C. Scalable enhancement of graphene oxide properties by thermally driven phase transformation. Nature Chem. 6 (2), 151-158 (2014).
  58. Chernick, E. T., Tykwinski, R. R. Carbon-rich nanostructures: the conversion of acetylenes into materials. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 26 (9), 742-749 (2013).
  59. Rondeau-Gagné, S., Morin, J. F. Preparation of carbon nanomaterials from molecular precursors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (1), 85-98 (2014).

Tags

Carbon NanosheetsRoom TemperatureWet Chemical PreparationSelf-assemblyAmphiphilic MoleculesCarbonizationUV IrradiationHexayneLangmuir TroughInfrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy
check_url/fr/53505?article_type=t

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Citer Cet Article
Schrettl, S., Schulte, B., Stefaniu, C., Oliveira, J., Brezesinski, G., Frauenrath, H. Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature. J. Vis. Exp. (109), e53505, doi:10.3791/53505 (2016).
Télécharger la Citation
Réimpressions et Autorisations

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image