Summary

Utarbeidelse av Carbon Nanosheets ved romtemperatur

Published: March 08, 2016
doi:

Summary

We present the synthesis of an amphiphilic hexayne and its use in the preparation of carbon nanosheets at the air-water interface from a self-assembled monolayer of these reactive, carbon-rich molecular precursors.

Abstract

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich “oligoyne” segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into defined aggregates in aqueous media and at the air-water interface. In the aggregated state, the oligoynes can then be carbonized under mild conditions while preserving the morphology and the embedded chemical functionalization. This novel approach provides direct access to functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In this article, we present a synthetic approach that allows us to prepare hexayne carboxylate amphiphiles as carbon-rich siblings of typical fatty acid esters through a series of repeated bromination and Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions. The obtained compounds are designed to self-assemble into monolayers at the air-water interface, and we show how this can be achieved in a Langmuir trough. Thus, compression of the molecules at the air-water interface triggers the film formation and leads to a densely packed layer of the molecules. The complete carbonization of the films at the air-water interface is then accomplished by cross-linking of the hexayne layer at room temperature, using UV irradiation as a mild external stimulus. The changes in the layer during this process can be monitored with the help of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Moreover, a transfer of the carbonized films onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique has enabled us to prove that they were carbon nanosheets with lateral dimensions on the order of centimeters.

Introduction

Todimensjonale karbonnanostrukturer tiltrekke seg betydelig oppmerksomhet på grunn av de rapporterte fremragende elektriske, termiske, samt mekaniske egenskaper 1-5. Disse materialene er forventet å fremme den tekniske utvikling innen polymer kompositter 6, energi lagringsenheter 7 og molekylær elektronikk 8-10. Til tross for intensiv forskningsinnsats i de senere årene har imidlertid tilgang til større mengder veldefinerte karbon nanomaterialer er fortsatt begrenset, noe som hindrer deres storskala implementering i teknologiske anvendelser 11,12.

Karbon nanomaterialer er tilgjengelig med enten top-down eller bottom-up tilnærminger. Typiske tilnærminger som peeling teknikker 13 eller høy energi prosesser på overflater 14-16 tilbyr muligheten til å skaffe materialer med en høy grad av strukturell perfeksjon og meget god ytelse. Imidlertid, isolering og rensing av the produkter er fortsatt utfordrende, og storskala produksjon av definerte nanostrukturerte materialer er vanskelig 12. På den annen side, kan bottom-up tilnærminger bli benyttet som baserer seg på bruk av molekyl forløpere, deres anordning i definerte strukturer, og en etterfølgende karbonisering som gir karbonanostrukturer 17-23. I dette tilfelle forløperne selv er mer kompleks og deres fremstilling krever ofte flere syntetiske trinn. Disse fremgangsmåtene kan gi en høy grad av kontroll over de kjemiske og fysikalske egenskaper for de resulterende materialer, og kan gi en direkte tilgang til skreddersydde materiale. Imidlertid er omdannelsen av forløperne til karbonnanomaterialer vanligvis utføres ved temperaturer over 800 ° C, noe som fører til et tap av den innebygde kjemisk funksjonalise 24-27.

De ovennevnte begrensningene har vært behandlet i vår gruppe ved å ansette høyt reaktive oligoynes at can bli omdannet til karbonnanomaterialer ved romtemperatur 28,29. Spesielt amfifiler omfattende en hydrofil hodegruppe og en hexayne segment er tilgjengelige gjennom en sekvens av bromering og palladium-mediert Negishi kryss-koblingsreaksjoner 30,31. Omdannelsen av disse forløpermolekyler til målstrukturen forekommer ved eller under værelsetemperatur ved bestråling med UV-lys. Den høye reaktivitet av de oligoyne amfifilene gjør bruken av myke malene, slik som grensesnittet luft-vann eller væske-væske-grensesnitt, er mulig. I tidligere undersøkelser, vi får forberedt vesikler fra løsninger av hexayne glycoside amfifiler 28. Tverrbinding av disse vesiklene ble oppnådd under milde betingelser ved UV-bestråling av prøvene. Videre har vi nylig fremstilt selv-sammensatte monolag fra hexaynes med et metylkarboksylat hodegruppe og en hydrofob alkyl- hale ved luft-vann-grensesnittet i en Langmuir trau. Den tettpakkeed molekylære forløpere ble så oversiktlig omdannet til selvbærende karbon nanosheets ved romtemperatur ved UV-bestråling. I beslektede fremgangsmåter som er definert molekyl forløpere har nylig blitt benyttet for fremstilling av to-dimensjonalt utvidede nanosheets i grensesnittet luft-vann 32-38.

Målet med dette arbeidet er å gi en kortfattet og praktisk oversikt over de samlede syntese og fabrikasjon skritt som gir mulighet for utarbeidelse av karbon nanosheets fra hexayne amfifiler. Fokuset er på den eksperimentelle tilnærming og preparative spørsmål.

Protocol

Forsiktig: Sørg for å konsultere de relevante materialer sikkerhetsdatablad (MSDS) før bruk av kjemiske forbindelser. Noen av kjemikaliene som brukes i disse syntesene er akutt giftige og kreftfremkallende. Preparerte nanomaterialer kan ha flere farer i forhold til sin bulk motstykke. Det er viktig å bruke alle nødvendige sikkerhetsrutiner når du utfører reaksjoner (avtrekk) og personlig verneutstyr (vernebriller, hansker, lab frakk, full lengde bukser, lukket-toe sko). Hvis ikke annet er oppgitt følgende prosed…

Representative Results

Den 13C kjernemagnetisk resonans (NMR) spektrum av den fremstilte forløpermolekylet 3 viser de 12 sp -hybridized karbonatomer i hexayne segmentet med tilsvarende kjemiske skift av δ = 82-60 ppm (Figur 1b). Videre er signalene ved δ = 173 ppm og ved δ = 52 ppm overdratt til karbonyl og metyl-karbonet av esteren hhv. Signalene mellom δ = 33-14 ppm er tilskrevet til de alifatiske karbonatomer i den dodecyl rest. Den tilsvarende UV /…

Discussion

Den ønskede hexayne amfifile bestanddel (3) er oversiktlig stilles ved sekvensiell bromering 52,53 og Pd-katalysert forlengelse 30,31 av alkyn-segmentet, etterfulgt av en endelig avbeskyttelsesreaksjon av tritylphenyl esteren (2) (figur 1a) 29. Den vellykkede syntese er bekreftet ved 13C NMR-spektrum (figur 1b), så vel som UV-Vis-absorpsjonsspektrum (figur 1c) 31,54. Dette demonstrerer den lettvinte art ved hvilke…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Funding from the European Research Council (ERC Grant 239831) and a Humboldt Fellowship (BS) is gratefully acknowledged.

Materials

Methyllithium lithium bromide complex (2.2M solution in diethylether) Acros 18129-1000 air-sensitive, flammable
Zinc chloride (0.7M solution in THF) Acros 38945-1000 air-sensitive, flammable
1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]
dichloropalladium(II), DCM adduct 
Boron Molecular BM187
N-Bromosuccinimide Acros 10745 light-sensitive
Silver fluoride Fluorochem 002862-10g light-sensitive
n-Butyllithium (2.5M solution in hexanes) Acros 21335-1000 air-sensitive, flammable
Sodium methanolate Acros 17312-0050
Tetrahydrofuran (unstabilized, for HPLC) Fisher Chemicals T/0706/PB17 This solvent was dried as well as degassed using a solvent purification system (Innovative Technology, Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA)
Toluene (for HPLC) Fisher Chemicals T/2306/17 This solvent was dried as well as degassed using a solvent purification system (Innovative Technology, Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA)
Acetonitrile (for HPLC) Fisher Chemicals A/0627/17 This solvent was dried as well as degassed using a solvent purification system (Innovative Technology, Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA)
Dichloromethane (Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve) Acros 34846-0010
Chloroforme (p.a.) VWR International 1.02445.1000
Pentane Reactolab 99050 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Heptane Reactolab 99733 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Dichloromethane Reactolab 99375 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Diethylether Reactolab 99362 Purchased as reagent grade and distilled once prior to use
Geduran silica gel (Si 60, 40-60µm) Merck 1115671000
Langmuir trough R&K, Potsdam
Thermostat  E1 Medingen
Hamilton syringe  Model 1810 RN SYR
Vertex 70 FT-IR spectrometer  Bruker
External air/water reflection unit (XA-511)  Bruker
UV lamp (250 W, Ga-doped metal halide bulb) UV-Light Technology
Brewster angle microscope (BAM1+)  NFT Göttingen
Sapphire substrates Stecher Ceramics
Quantifoil holey carbon TEM grids Electron Microscopy Sciences
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Bruker Avance III 400) Bruker
JASCO V-670 UV/Vis spectrometer JASCO
Scanning Electron Microscope (Zeiss Merlin FE-SEM) Zeiss

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Schrettl, S., Schulte, B., Stefaniu, C., Oliveira, J., Brezesinski, G., Frauenrath, H. Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature. J. Vis. Exp. (109), e53505, doi:10.3791/53505 (2016).

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