Atoomoverdrachtsradicaalpolymerisatie van gefunctionaliseerde vinylmonomeren behulp Perylene als zichtbaar licht Photocatalyst
Summary
A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.
Abstract
A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.
Introduction
The synthesis of technologically advanced polymers requires precise control over polymer molecular weight, dispersity (Ð), composition, and architecture.1,2 Controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs)3-8 have revolutionized the synthesis of well-defined polymers, with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) being the most used CRP, largely due to operational simplicity and synthetic versatility.9-14 The crux of ATRP is the ability to reversibly deactivate the polymerization, controlling the equilibrium between a propagating radical and a dormant species. Enforcing a low concentration of active radicals greatly minimizes bimolecular termination pathways and allows for the synthesis of well-defined polymers.
Traditional ATRP relies on a transition metal catalyst to mediate this equilibrium.3 These metal catalysts contaminate the polymer product and impede implementation in biomedical or electronic applications while also raising environmental concerns. Although significant strides have been made to reduce the catalyst concentration to ppm levels, these methodologies require more demanding experimental conditions and metal contamination is still not entirely eliminated.15,16
Reversible addition-fragmentation transfer17,18 and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations19,20 are CRPs that do not require metal catalysts, although they have been used less often than ATRP.3 Recently, reversible chain-transfer21 and reversible complexation22,23 variants of ATRP that can use organic catalysts were reported. However, these methodologies require the use of alkyl iodide initiators and are not effective with the alkyl bromides commonly employed in ATRP. A highly desirable CRP would match the performance, feasibility, and robustness of traditional ATRP while being catalyzed by an organic catalyst under mild conditions.
Here, we describe a methodology for the radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst. Through optimization of parameters such as stoichiometry, concentration, time, and light flux, the molecular weight of the polymers can be controlled.24, 25 Similar methodologies have been recently introduced using phenothiazine derivatives as photocatalysts for metal-free ATRP.26, 27 Because researchers in the field of polymerization catalysis are constantly developing new catalytic systems, the ability to compare catalyst performance across a number of metrics is vital. This ability to make comparisons relies heavily upon procedural consistency and clarity on the part of the researchers performing the experiments. As such, it is our goal that this video will be used to help precisely communicate the methods by which these polymers are synthesized and characterized.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Hoewel het protocol toont een specifiek voorbeeld van deze polymerisatie techniek, de keuzemogelijkheden voor de onderzoeker het uitvoeren van deze reactie zijn vrij breed. Wijzigingen kunnen worden aangebracht op een aantal punten in het protocol mogelijk te maken voor het optimaliseren van welke bijzondere photoredox ATRP wordt uitgevoerd. Nieuwe monomeren, initiatoren en katalysatoren voor deze reactie zijn onderzocht, de stoichiometrie en oplosmiddel gebruikt voor de reactie kan vertonen en dienen te worden gewijzig…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Colorado Boulder for its support of this work.
Materials
| perylene, min 98.0% | TCI America | TCP0078-025G | purify by sublimation |
| N,N-dimethylformamide | VWR | EM-DX1726-1 | Omnisolv |
| methyl methacrylate, 99% | VWR | 200000-678 | distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator |
| ethyl α-bromophenyl acetate | Aldrich | 554065 | distilled prior to use stored in refrigerator |
| butylated hydroxytoluene | Aldrich | W218405 | |
| Chloroform-D | Cambridge Isotope Labs | DLM-7-100 | |
| tetrahydrofuran | VWR | EM-TX0279-1 | Omnisolv |
| methanol | VWR | BDH1135 | |
| dichloromethane | VWR | EM-DX0831-1 | Omnisolv |
| styrene, 99% | VWR | AAAA18481-0F | distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator |
| glass scintillation vial, 20 mL | VWR | 66022-065 | |
| screw top vial, 2 mL | Agilent | 5182-0715 | |
| septum cap for screw top vial | Agilent | 5182-0717 | |
| heavy wall pressure vessel, 100 mL | Synthware | P160005 | |
| syringe, 1 mL norm-ject | VWR | 89174-491 | |
| NMR tube | New Era | NE-UL5-7' | |
| nylon syringe filter, 0.45 um | VWR | 28143-240 | |
| glovebox | Mbraun | LABstar | |
| solvent purification system | Mbraun | MB-SPS-800 | |
| stirplate | IKA | 3582401 | |
| light-emitting diodes | Creative Lighting Solutions | CL-FRS1210-5M-12V-WH | 2x 12-inch strips of 5500 K white LEDs were used for illumination |
| 12V DC power supply for LEDs | Creative Lighting Solutions | CL-PS16001-40W | |
| high performance liquid chromatograph | Agilent | G1310B, G1322A, G1329B, G1316A | |
| gel permeation size-exclusion columns | Agilent | PL1110-6500 | |
| multi-angle light scattering detector | Wyatt | WTREOS | |
| differential refractometer | Wyatt | WTREX |
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