의 게놈 편집<em> 아 스티 아낙 스의 mexicanus</em> 사용 전사 활성제와 같은 이펙터 뉴 클레아 제 (TALENs)
Summary
유전자 돌연변이는 유전자 타겟팅 편집 기법을 사용하여 유기체의 광범위한 이제 가능하다. 여기, 우리는 아 스티 아낙 스 mexicanus, 표면 물고기와 cavefish를 포함 물고기의 종 이펙터 뉴 클레아 제 (TALENs) 등의 전사 활성을 이용하여 표적 유전자의 돌연변이 유발을위한 프로토콜을 보여줍니다.
Abstract
Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs. Towards this end, much recent work has focused on identifying candidate genes for the evolution of traits in a variety of species. However, until recently it has been challenging to functionally validate interesting candidate genes. Recently developed tools for genetic engineering make it possible to manipulate specific genes in a wide range of organisms. Application of this technology in evolutionarily relevant organisms will allow for unprecedented insight into the role of candidate genes in evolution. Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus) is a species of fish with both surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling forms. Multiple independent lines of cave-dwelling forms have evolved from ancestral surface fish, which are interfertile with one another and with surface fish, allowing elucidation of the genetic basis of cave traits. A. mexicanus has been used for a number of evolutionary studies, including linkage analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for a number of traits. Thus, A. mexicanus is an ideal system for the application of genome editing to test the role of candidate genes. Here we report a method for using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate genes in surface A. mexicanus. Genome editing using TALENs in A. mexicanus has been utilized to generate mutations in pigmentation genes. This technique can also be utilized to evaluate the role of candidate genes for a number of other traits that have evolved in cave forms of A. mexicanus.
Introduction
특성 진화의 유전 적 기초를 이해하는 것은 진화 생물학의 중요한 연구 목표입니다. 상당한 진전이 특성의 진화를 기본 궤적을 확인하고 (실시 예 1-3)이 유전자좌에서의 후보 유전자를 정확히 파악을했다. 그러나, 기능적으로 이들 유전자의 역할 특성의 진화 연구에 사용 된 많은 유기체 도전 유지하고 테스트하는 것은 현재 유전자 취급 용이하지 않다. 게놈 편집 기술의 출현은 크게 유기체의 광범위한 유전 조작성 증가했다. 전사 활성화 제와 같은 이펙터 클레아 (TALENs) 및 클러스터 정기적 interspaced 짧은 반복 팔린 드롬 (CRISPRs)은 (실시 예 4-11) 유기체의 여러 유전자 표적 돌연변이를 생성하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 진화론 관련 시스템에 적용이 도구는, 진화 생물 학자들이 진화의 유전 적 기초를 공부하는 방법을 혁신 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고.
아 스티 아낙 스의 mexicanus는 두 가지 형태로 존재하는 물고기의 종입니다. 강에 사는 표면 형태 (표면 생선)과 여러 동굴 주거 형태 (cavefish) A. mexicanus의 cavefish은 (12에서 검토) 표면의 물고기 조상에서 진화. cavefish의 인구는 학교 행동의 감소, 증가 침략, 자세와 과식증 (13) 먹이의 변화로 동작 입맛과 두개골 neuromasts, 변화의 수를 증가, 감소 또는 색소 침착의 손실, 눈의 손실을 포함하여 특성의 숫자를 진화 -19. Cavefish 표면 물고기 interfertile, 그리고 유전자지도 실험은 동굴 특성 1,20-26에 대한 궤적 및 후보 유전자를 식별하기 위해 수행되었다. 일부 후보 유전자가 다른 종 (21)의 모델 생물 또는 과발현 27 또는 과도 최저 U에 의해, 세포 배양 1,19에서 동굴의 특성에 기여하는 기능 역할에 대해 테스트되었습니다A.에 morpholinos 28 노래 mexicanus. 그러나, 이러한 각각의 방법은 한계가있다. A. 이러한 유전자의 돌연변이 대립 유전자를 생성 할 수있는 능력 mexicanus는 cavefish의 발전에 그 기능을 이해하는데 중요하다. 따라서, A. mexicanus는 게놈 편집 기술의 응용 프로그램에 대한 이상적인 후보 유기체이다.
여기에서 우리는 A의 게놈 편집하는 방법을 간략하게 설명 mexicanus TALENs를 사용하여. 이 방법은 표현형에 대한 관심 (29)의 유전자 안정 돌연변이 물고기의 라인을 분리하기위한 모자이크 주입 설립자 물고기를 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
커다란 진보는 특성의 전개의 유전 적 기초를 이해 향해 최근에 이루어지고있다. 형질 다수의 진화를 기초 후보 유전자가 확인되었지만, 인해 가장 흥미로운 진화 종의 유전자 취급 용이성의 부족으로 생체 내에서 이들 유전자를 테스트 도전 남아있다. 여기에서 우리는 A의 게놈 편집하는 방법을보고 mexicanus, 종 동굴 동물의 진화를 연구하는 데 사용. 유전자지도는 1,21,23</…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
이 작품은 유전학, 개발 및 세포 생물학 및 아이오와 주립 대학의학과 및 NIH 보조금 EY024941 (WJ) 싱거에 의해 투자되었다. 제프리 Essner는 원고에 대한 의견을 제공했다.
Materials
| Equipment | |||
| Thermocycler | |||
| Injection station | |||
| Gel apparatus | |||
| Needle puller | |||
| Nanodrop | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Supplies | |||
| Note: As far as we know, supplies from different companies can be used unless otherwise indicated | |||
| Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit 2.0 | Addgene | Kit #1000000024 | |
| Fisher BioReagents LB Agar, Miller (Granulated) | Fisher | BP9724-500 | |
| Fisher BioReagents Microbiology Media: LB Broth, Miller | Fisher | BP1426-500 | |
| Teknova TET-15 in 50% EtOH | Teknova (ordered through Fisher) | 50-843-314 | |
| Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP2957-1 | |
| Super Ampicillin (1000x solution) | DNA Technologies | 6060-1 | |
| ThermoScientific X-Gal Solution, ready-to-use | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERR0941 | |
| IPTG, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP1620-1 | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher | 08-757-13 | |
| BsaI | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-812-203 | Use BsaI, not BsaI-HF (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| BSA | New England Biolabs | provided with restriction enzymes | |
| 10x T4 ligase buffer | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PR-C1263 | |
| GoTaq Green Master mix | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PRM7123 | Other Taq can be used, but the reaction should be adjusted accordingly |
| Quick ligation kit | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-811-728 | We use Quick Ligase for all TALEN assembly reactions |
| One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E.coli | Invitrogen | C4040-06 | Other chemically competent cells or homemade competent cells can be used |
| Esp 3I | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERER0451 | |
| Plasmid-Safe ATP-dependent DNase | Epicentre (Ordered through Fisher) | NC9046399 | |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | The Qiagen kit should be used for the initial plasmid preparation (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| QIAquick PCR Purification Kit | Qiagen | 28104 | |
| GeneMate LE Quick Dissolve Agaraose | BioExpress | E-3119-125 | |
| Sac I | Promega (Ordered through Fisher) | PR-R6061 | |
| mMESSAGE mMACHINE T3 Transcription kit | Ambion | AM1348M | |
| Rneasy MinElute Cleanup Kit | Qiagen | 74204 | |
| NorthernMax-Gly Sample Loading Dye | Ambion (ordered through Fisher) | AM8551 | |
| Eliminase | Decon (ordered through Fisher) | 04-355-32 | |
| Fisherbrand Disposable Soda-Lime Glass Pasteur Pipets | Fisher | 13-678-6B | |
| Standard Glass Capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B100-4 | |
| Microcaps | Drummond Scientific Company | 1-000-0010 | |
| Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector | Eppendorf (ordered through Fisher) | E5242956003 | |
| Sodium hydroxide | Fisher | S318-500 | |
| Tris base | Fisher | BP152-1 |
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