促纤维化信号增强因子介导的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞再编程诱导心肌细胞的抑制
Summary
通过 GATA4、Hand2、Mef2c、Tbx5、miR-1 和 miR-133 (GHMT2m) 的过度表达和 TGF β信号的抑制, 我们提出了一种健壮的方法, 将原发成纤维细胞重新编程成功能性心肌细胞。我们的协议在7天后的转导中产生跳动的心肌细胞, 效率高达60%。
Abstract
将一种体细胞类型转化为另一种躯体细胞, 具有巨大的模型和治疗人类疾病的潜力。以前的研究表明, 小鼠胚胎, 真皮和心脏成纤维细胞可以重新编程成功能性诱发心肌样的干细胞 (iCMs) 通过过度表达的心源性转录因子, 包括 GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, 和Tbx5体外和体内。然而, 这些先前的研究显示效率相对较低。为了恢复损伤后的心脏功能, 必须阐明调节心脏重新编程的机制, 以提高 iCMs 的效率和成熟度。
我们以前证明, 抑制亲纤维化信号显着提高重新编程效率。在这里, 我们详细的方法来实现编程效率高达60%。此外, 我们描述了几种方法, 包括流式细胞术, 免疫荧光成像, 钙成像, 以量化重新编程效率和成熟的重组成纤维细胞。通过这里详细的协议, 可以进行机械研究, 以确定积极和消极的调节心脏重新编程。这些研究可以确定信号通路, 可针对促进重新编程的效率和成熟, 这可能导致新的细胞治疗人类心脏病。
Introduction
缺血性心脏病是美国的主要死因1。大约80万美国人每年经历第一次或复发性心肌梗塞 (MI)1。继 MI 后, 心肌细胞 (CMs) 的死亡和心肌纤维化, 由活化的心脏成纤维形成, 损害心脏功能2,3。由于成人 CMs4、5的再生能力较差,MI 后心力衰竭的进展很大程度上是不可逆转的。虽然目前的临床治疗缓慢疾病进展和降低未来心脏事件的风险6,7,8,9, 没有治疗逆转疾病进展由于无法重新生成 CMs 后梗塞10。新的细胞疗法正在出现, 以治疗患者继 mi. 令人失望的是, 迄今为止, 通过 mi 向心脏提供干细胞的临床试验显示了不确定的再生潜能11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18。
通过对四种转录因子的过度表达, 首次证明了由高桥 & Yamanaka 产生的人源性诱导多能干细胞 (hiPSCs), 为细胞治疗的新突破打开了大门19。这些单元格可以区分为所有三个胚芽层19, 并且以前已经显示了一些高效的用于生成大量 CMs 的方法, 其中有20、21。HiPSC 衍生的 cms (髋关节 cms) 提供了一个强大的平台, 研究 cardiomyogenesis, 可能有重要的影响, 修复心脏后损伤。然而, 髋关节 CMs 目前面临的翻译障碍, 由于关注畸胎瘤形成22, 其不成熟的性质可能是亲致心律失常23。将成纤维细胞重新编程成 hiPSCs 激发了人们对直接重新编程成纤维细胞的兴趣。大意et . 表明, GATA4、Mef2c 和 Tbx5 (GMT) 在成纤维细胞中的过度表达导致了心脏谱系的直接重新编程, 尽管效率低下的24。通过添加 Hand2 (GHMT)25, 改进了重新编程效率。自这些早期研究以来, 许多出版物表明, 改变重新编程因子鸡尾酒与其他转录因子26,27,28,29,染色质修饰符30,31, microRNAs32,33, 或小分子34导致改进的重新编程效率和/或诱导心肌样细胞的成熟 (iCMs).
在这里, 我们提供了一个详细的协议, 以产生 iCMs 从小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞 (MEFs) 高效。我们以前表明, GHMT 鸡尾酒是显着改善, 增加了 miR-1 和 miR-133 (GHMT2m), 并进一步改善, 当亲纤维化信号通路, 包括转化生长因子β (TGF β) 信号或与蛋白质激酶 (岩石) 信号通路被抑制35。使用该协议, 我们表明大约60% 的细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白 T (cTnT), 约50% 表达α actinin, 和大量的殴打细胞可以观察到11天后, 后再编程因素和治疗转导与 TGF β型 I 受体抑制剂 A-83-01。此外, 这些 iCMs 的表达间隙连接蛋白包括 43, 并呈现自发收缩和钙瞬变。与早期研究相比, 重新编程效率的显著提高表明了在脑梗塞后的内源细胞群中再生 CMs 的潜力。
Protocol
所有需要动物的实验都是由丹佛安舒茨医学院的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的。 1. MEFs 的分离 在 E13 购买 C57BL/6 怀孕小鼠。船过夜。 弄死母亲根据批准的 IACUC 协议 (前: ~ 1.3 升/分 CO2 , 直到动物出现死亡后, 颈部脱位) 用70% 乙醇和开腹腔喷洒母亲。移除含有胚胎的子宫角, 并在10厘米的盘子中放置无菌 PBS。 在胚囊中进行切口以释放胚?…
Representative Results
使用上面概述的重新编程策略和在图 1B中, 我们生成的 iCMs 约70% 的细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白 T 和大约55% 细胞表达心脏α actinin, 量化的流式细胞术在9天跟随 GHMT2m 的转导 (图 2A和B)。此外, 大多数细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白 T, 肌钙蛋白 i, 和心脏α actinin 以及缝隙连接标志联结蛋白43在14天后转导 (图 2C和…
Discussion
本研究概述了一种高效的策略, 通过 GHMT2m 重编程因子结合抑制亲纤维化信号通路, 直接将成纤维细胞重新编程为功能 iCMs。通过流式细胞术、免疫荧光成像、钙成像和跳动细胞计数, 我们表明该协议中的大多数细胞都经过成功的重编程, 并采用 CM 血统的命运。我们以前已经表明, 添加抗纤维化化合物, 包括 TGF β I 型受体抑制剂 A-83-01 产生约6倍的数量增加殴打 iCMs 相比, 转导与 GHMT2m 单独, 表明亲纤维…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项研究得到了来自 Boettcher 基金会韦伯-华林生物医学研究项目的资金支持, 美国心脏协会科学家发展补助金 (13SDG17400031), 科罗拉多大学医学系杰出的早期职业生涯学者计划, 科罗拉多大学心脏科洛 Nyle 捐赠和 NIH R01HL133230 (到 K)。犍为县 R 得到了美国国立卫生研究院/NCATS 科罗拉多 CTSA 赠款号 TL1TR001081 和科罗拉多大学纤维化研究 & 翻译协会 (CFReT) 博士研究生奖学金的支持。这项研究也得到了癌症中心支持补助金 (P30CA046934), 皮肤病研究核心赠款 (P30AR057212), 以及在科罗拉多大学安舒茨医学院的流式细胞术核心的支持。
Materials
| C57BL/6 Mice | Charles River's Laboratory | 027 | For MEF isolation |
| Platinum E (PE) Cells | Cell Biolabs, INC | RV-101 | For retrovirus production |
| DMEM High Glucose | Gibco | SH30022.FS | Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media |
| Medium 199 | Life Technologies | 11150-059 | Component of iCM media |
| Fetal Bovine Serum | Gemini | 100106 | Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media |
| Donor Horse Serum | Gemini | 100508 500 | Component of iCM media |
| MEM Essential Amino Acids, 50X | Life Technologies | 11130051 | Component of iCM media |
| Sodium Pyruvate Solution, 100X | Life Technologies | 11360070 | Component of iCM media and for calcium imaging |
| MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids, 100X | Life Technologies | 11140050 | Component of iCM media |
| MEM Vitamin Solution, 100X | Life Technologies | 11120-052 | Component of iCM media |
| Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium | Gibco | 41400045 | Component of iCM media |
| B27 | Gibco | 17504-044 | Component of iCM media |
| Penicilin-Streptomycin | Gibco | 15140-122 | Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media |
| GlutaMAX (L-Glutamine Supplement) | Gibco | 35050-061 | Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media |
| Blasticidin-HCl | Life Technologies | A11139-03 | Component of PE media |
| Puromycin dihydrochloride | Life Technologies | A11138-03 | Component of PE media |
| 0.25% Trypsin/EDTA | Gibco | 25200-056 | For detaching cells from culture dishes |
| A-83-01 | R&D Systems – Tocris | 2939/10 | Treat cells to inhibit TGF-β signaling – promotes high efficiecy reprogramming. Use at 0.5 µM |
| DMSO | Thermo Scientific | 85190 | For dilution and storage of A-83-01 and component of Freeze Medium |
| SureCoat | Cellutron | SC-9035 | For coating dishes to plate MEFs |
| FuGENE 6 Transfection Reagent | Promega | E2692 | Transfection Reagent |
| Opti-MEM Reduced Serum Media | Gibco | 11058-021 | Transfection Reagent |
| pBabe-X Myc-GATA4 | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| pBabe-X Myc-Hand2 | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| pBabe-X Myc-Mef2c | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| pBabe-X Myc-Tbx5 | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| pBabe-X miR-1 | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| pBabe-X miR-133 | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| pBabe-X GFP | Plasmid containing reprogramming factor | ||
| Polybrene (Hexadimethrine bromide) | Sigma | H9268-5G | For viral induction. Use at a concentration of 6 µg/mL |
| Vacuum Filter + bottles (0.22 µm pores) | Nalgene | 569-0020 | For filtering media |
| Syringes | Bd Vacutainer Labware | 309654 | For viral filtration |
| 0.45 µm Filters | Celltreat | 229749 | For viral filtration |
| 70 µm cell strainers | Falcon | 352350 | For MEF isolation and Flow Cytometry |
| Cytofix/Cytoperm Solution | BD | 554722 | For fixation and permeabilization of cells for flow cytometry |
| perm/wash buffer | BD | 554723 | For washing cells for flow cytometry |
| DPBS 1X | Gibco | 14190-250 | For washing cells |
| Bovine Serum Albumin | VWR | 0332-100g | For flow cytometry and calcium imaging |
| Goat Serum | Sigma | G9023 | For blocking cells for Flow Cytometry |
| Donkey Serum | Sigma | D9663-10mg | For blocking cells for Flow Cytometry |
| Mouse Troponin T | Thermo Scientific | ms-295-p | 1:400 IF, 1:200 Flow Cytometry |
| Mouse α-actinin | Sigma | A7811L | 1:400 IF, 1:200 Flow Cytometry |
| Rabbit Connexin 43 | Sigma | C6219 | 1:400 IF |
| Rabbit Troponin I | PhosphoSolutions | 2010-TNI | 1:400 IF |
| Hoechst | Life Technologies | 62249 | 1:10000 IF |
| Alexa 488, rabbit | Life Technologies | A-11034 | 1:800 IF |
| Alexa 555, mouse | Life Technologies | A-21422 | 1:800 IF |
| Alexa 647, mouse | Life Technologies | A-31571 | 1:200 Flow Cytometry |
| 27-color ZE5 Flow Cytometer | Bio-RAD | For FACS | |
| Paraformaldehyde | sigma | P6148-500mg | For fixing cells for IF |
| Triton X-100 | Promega | H5142 | For permeabilization of cells for IF |
| EVOS™ FL Color Imaging System | Thermo Scientific | AMEFC4300 | For IF |
| NaCl | RPI | S23020-5000 | For calcium imaging |
| KCl | VWR | 395 | For calcium imaging |
| CaCl2 | Fisher | C614-500 | For calcium imaging |
| MgCl2 | VWR | 97061-352 | For calcium imaging |
| glucose | sigma | G7528-250g | For calcium imaging |
| HEPES | sigma | H4034-500g | For calcium imaging |
| Fura-2 AM | Life Technologies | F1221 | For calcium imaging |
| Fluronic F-127 | Sigma | P2443-250g | For calcium imaging |
| Nifedipine | Sigma | N7634-1G | For disruption calcium transients in iCMs – use at 10 µM |
| Isoproterenol | sigma | I6504-1g | For increasing number of calcium transients in iCMs – use at 1-2 µM |
| Marianas Spinning Disk Confocal microscope | 3i | For calcium imaging | |
| ethanol | Decon Laboratories | 2801 | |
| bleach | Clorox | ||
| 50 mL conical tubes | GREINER BIO-ONE | 227261 | |
| 15 mL conical tubes | GREINER BIO-ONE | 188271 | |
| 15 cm cell culture dishes | Falcon | 353025 | |
| 10 cm cell culture dishes | Falcon | 353003 | |
| 60 mm cell culture dishes | GREINER BIO-ONE | 628160 | |
| 6 well cell culture plates | GREINER BIO-ONE | 657160 | |
| 12 well cell culture plates | GREINER BIO-ONE | 665180 | |
| 24 well cell culture plates | GREINER BIO-ONE | 662160 |
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Citer Cet Article
Riching, A. S., Zhao, Y., Cao, Y., Londono, P., Xu, H., Song, K. Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes. J. Vis. Exp. (136), e57687, doi:10.3791/57687 (2018).