Summary

At opnå moderat pres i lukkede fartøjer, der anvender tøris som en Solid CO2 kilde

Published: August 17, 2018
doi:

Summary

Her præsenterer vi en protokol for at udføre reaktioner i simpel reaktion fartøjer under lav til moderat pres af CO2. Reaktionerne kan udføres i en række forskellige fartøjer blot ved at administrere kuldioxid i form af tøris, uden behov for dyre eller omfattende udstyr eller set-ups.

Abstract

Heri præsenteres en generel strategi for at udføre reaktioner under mild til moderat CO2 pres med tøris. Denne teknik overflødiggør behovet for specialiseret udstyr at opnå beskedne belastninger, og kan endda bruges til at opnå højere pres i mere specialiseret udstyr og mere robuste reaktion fartøjer. For enden af reaktionen kan hætteglassene nemt trykfri ved åbning ved stuetemperatur. I det foreliggende eksempel fungerer CO2 som både en formodede ledelse gruppe samt en måde at passivering Amin substrater, derved forhindre oxidation under metalorganiske reaktionen. Ud over at være nemt tilføjet, fjernet lede Gruppen også under vakuum, længere er behov for omfattende rensning at fjerne gruppen lede. Denne strategi giver den facile γ-C(sp3)-H arylation af alifatiske aminer og har potentiale til at blive anvendt til en række andre Amin-baserede reaktioner.

Introduction

Anvendelsen af gasformige forbindelser i kemiske reaktioner kræver typisk specialiseret udstyr og procedurer1,2. På bænken skala, kan nogle gasser tilføjes direkte fra en tank, ved hjælp af et højtryk regulator3. En alternativ metode er at kondensere gas under kryogene betingelser4,5. Selv om nyttige, kræver disse strategier brug af specialiserede pres reaktorer med ventiler, der kan være omkostningseffektivt uoverkommelige for løb mange reaktioner i parallel. Dette kan derfor høj grad bremse hastigheden på hvilken reaktion screening kan fortsætte. Som et resultat, har kemikere fundet det ønskeligt at indføre disse forbindelser ved hjælp af alternative metoder. Ammoniak kan føjes til reaktioner ved hjælp af forskellige carboxylat ammoniumsalte, udnytter de svage ligevægt mellem disse salte og fri ammoniak6. Overførsel hydrogenering er en vigtig strategi for reduktion af reaktioner af olefiner, carbonyl og nitro grupper at omgaas brugen af brandfarlig hydrogengas med forbindelser såsom ammonium formate eller hydrazin som bærere af H27. En anden gas af interesse på dette område er kulilte8 -CO kan være genereret i situ af befrielse fra metal carbonyl komplekser9,10, eller alternativt kan den genereres af decarbonylation fra kilder som formates og formamides11,12,13 eller chloroform14,15.

En gas, som ikke har haft en betydelig udvikling i denne henseende er CO2-16. En af grundene til dette er, at mange forvandlinger, der involverer CO2 også kræver høje temperaturer og tryk, og dermed er automatisk henvist til specialiseret reaktorer17,18. Seneste bestræbelser på at udvikle mere reaktiv katalysatorer, dog, har fremmet kører mange af disse reaktioner under atmosfærisk pres af CO219,20,21,22. Vi har for nylig opdaget en reaktion, hvor CO2 kan bruges til at mægle γ-C (sp3) – H arylation af alifatiske aminer23. Denne strategi var forventet at kombinere fordelene ved en statisk lede gruppen tilgang herunder akrylamid24,25,26,27,28, sulfonamid 29 , 30 , 31 , 32, thiocarbonyl33,34eller hydrazone35-baseret lede grupper (kemiske robusticity), med lethed, hvormed et forbigående lede gruppen (nedsat trin økonomi)36, 37,38,39.

Selv om bagstræv kunne ske under atmosfærisk tryk af CO2, langsom behovet for en Schlenk set-up til skærmen reaktioner viste sig at være uoverkommeligt. Endvidere øge trykket lidt førte til forbedret reaktion udbytter, men kunne ikke blive nemt at opnå ved hjælp af en Schlenk linje. Vi har derfor søgt en alternativ strategi, og efterfølgende identificeret som tøris kunne nemt bruges som en solid kilde til CO2 der kan føjes til en lang række reaktion fartøjer at indføre den nødvendige mængde af kuldioxid at opnå moderat pres (figur 1). Selvom underudnyttede i syntese, er en lignende strategi ret almindelig som en metode til at generere flydende CO2 til kromatografi og udvinding programmer40,41,42,43, 44. Udnytte denne strategi er tilladt vores gruppe til hurtigt skærmen stort tal af reaktioner i parallel, mens evnen hen til adgang moderat CO2 pres af mellem 2-20 atmosfærer var afgørende for at forbedre udbyttet af reaktioner. Disse betingelser kan både primære (1°) og sekundære (2°) aminer være arylated med elektron rige og elektron fattige aryl halogenider.

Protocol

Forsigtig: 1) de følgende protokoller er blevet erklæret sikkert gennem gentagne forsøg. Men, forsigtighed bør udvises, når forsegling hætteglas, i hele reaktionen, og især når du åbner reaktionerne, som uensartethed i reaktionen hætteglas kan føre til udstyr fiasko. Hætteglassene skal inspiceres for fysiske defekter før brug. Hætteglassene skal placeres bag nogle form for blast skjold eller hætte skærf umiddelbart efter forsegling for at forebygge hændelser bør hætteglassene mislykkes. 2) selv om der …

Representative Results

Efter disse protokoller er det muligt at oplade et prøveglas med en passende mængde kuldioxid at opnå kemiske reaktioner, der kræver CO2 atmosfærer. Presset opnåede i trin 1 er beregnet til at være ca 3 atmosfærer (Se diskussion for fastsættelsen af denne værdi), selv om på grund af delvis solvation, den observerede pres er 2 atmosfærer ved stuetemperatur, og bør være cirka 2,6 atmosfærer betingelser reaktion. Derfor, på betingelser i trin 1, 2-Methyl-4-phenyl-b…

Discussion

Ved hjælp af van der Waals ligning af staten, kan den omtrentlige pres af disse systemer være beregnede45

EQ. 1:Equation

Under betingelserne i protokol 1, kan vi antage, 26,3 mg af CO2 giver n = 5.98 x 10-4 mols

Equation 1b

Som et groft s…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Forfatterne vil gerne anerkende start-up finansiering fra universitetet i Toledo, samt midler fra American Chemical Society’s Herman Frasch Foundation i delvis støtte til dette arbejde. Mr. Thomas Kina er anerkendt for sin assistance med at udvikle en egnet manometer til at måle reaktion pres. Mr. Steve Modar er takkede til nyttige diskussioner.

Materials

7.5 mL Sample Vial with Screw Cap (Thermoset) Qorpak GLC-00984 Can be reused.
40 mL Sample Vial with Screw Cap (Thermoset) Qorpak GLC-01039 Can be reused.
Pressure Tube, #15 Thread, 7" Long, 25.4 mm O.D. Ace Glass 8648-06 Can be reused.
Pie-Block for 2 Dram Vials ChemGlass CG-1991-P14 Can be reused.
Pie-Block for 10 Dram Vials ChemGlass CG-1991-P12 Can be reused.
3.2 mm PTFE Disposable Stir Bars Fisher 14-513-93 Can be reused.
C-MAG HS 7 Control Hotplate IKA 20002695
Analytical Weighing Balance Sartorius QUINTIX2241S
Double-Ended Micro-Tapered Spatula Fisher Scientific 21-401-10
Hei-VAP Advantage – Hand Lift Model with G5 Dry Ice Condenser Rotary Evaporator Heidolph 561-01500-00
Bump Trap 14/20 Joint ChemGlass CG-1322-01
tert-Amyl amine Alfa Aesar B24639-14 Used as received.
2-Methyl-N-(3-methylbenzyl)butan-2-amine N/A N/A Prepared from reductive amination of tert-amyl amine and 3-tolualdehyde in the presence of sodium borohydride in methanol.
Palladium Acetate Chem-Impex International, Inc. 4898 Used as received.
Silver Trifluoroacetate Oakwood Chemicals 007271 Used as received.
Phenyl Iodide Oakwood Chemicals 003461 Used as received.
Acetic Acid Fisher Chemical A38 Used as received.
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol Oakwood Chemicals 003409 Used as received.
Deionized Water Obtained from in-house deionized water system.
Dry Ice Carbonic Enterprises Dry Ice Inc. Non-food grade dry ice.
Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid Fisher Chemical A144SI Diluted to a 1.2 M solution prior to use.
Diethyl Ether, Certified Fisher Chemical E138 Used as received.
Hexanes, Certified ACS Fisher Chemical H292 Used as received.
Saturated Ammonium Hydroxide Fisher Chemical A669 Used as received.
Dichloromethane Fisher Chemical D37 Used as received.
Sodium Sulfate, Anhydrous Oakwood Chemicals 044702 Used as received.
250 mL Separatory Funnel Prepared in-house by staff glassblower.
100 mL Round Bottom Flask Prepared in-house by staff glassblower.
Scientific Disposable Funnel Caplugs 2085136030
Borosilicate Glass Scintillation Vials, 20 mL Fisher Scientific 03-337-15
5 mm O.D. Thin Walled Precision NMR Tubes Wilmad 666000575
Chloroform-d Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. DLM-7 Used as received.

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Kapoor, M., Chand-Thakuri, P., Maxwell, J. M., Young, M. C. Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source. J. Vis. Exp. (138), e58281, doi:10.3791/58281 (2018).

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