Direct Injection of a Lentiviral Vector Highlights Multiple Motor Pathways in the Rat Spinal Cord

Summary

This protocol demonstrates injection of a retrogradely transportable viral vector into rat spinal cord tissue. The vector is taken up at the synapse and transported to the cell body of target neurons. This model is suitable for retrograde tracing of important spinal pathways or targeting cells for gene therapy applications.

Abstract

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. Injection directly into spinal cord tissue bypasses these barriers, providing access to cell bodies or synapses where molecules can be incorporated. Combining viral vector technology with this method allows for introduction of target genes into nervous tissue for the purpose of gene therapy or tract tracing. Here a virus engineered for highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) is introduced at the synapses of propriospinal interneurons (PNs) to encourage specific transport to neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. Targeting PNs takes advantage of the numerous connections they receive from motor pathways such as the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts, as well as their interconnection with each other throughout spinal cord segments. Representative tracing using the HiRet vector with constitutively active green fluorescent protein (GFP) shows high fidelity details of cell bodies, axons and dendritic arbors in thoracic PNs and in reticulospinal neurons in the pontine reticular formation. HiRet incorporates well into brainstem pathways and PNs but shows age dependent integration into corticospinal tract neurons. In summary, spinal cord injection using viral vectors is a suitable method for introduction of proteins of interest into neurons of targeted tracts.

Introduction

Viral vectors are important biological tools that can introduce genetic material into cells in order to compensate for defective genes, upregulate important growth proteins or manufacture marker proteins that highlight the structure and synaptic connections of their targets. This article focuses on direct injection of a highly efficient retrogradely transportable lentiviral vector into the rat spinal cord in order to highlight major motor pathways with fluorescent tracing.  This method is also highly appropriate for axonal regeneration and regrowth studies to introduce proteins of interest into diverse populations of neurons and has been used to silence neurons for functional mapping studies^1,2.

Many of the anatomical details of spinal motor pathways were elucidated through direct injection studies with classical tracers such as BDA and fluoro-gold^3,4,5,6,7,8. These tracers are considered gold standard but may have certain disadvantages such as uptake by damaged axons, or axons in passage in the white matter surrounding an injection site^9,10,11. This could lead to incorrect interpretations of pathway connectivity and may be a drawback in regeneration studies where dye absorption by damaged or severed axons could be mistaken for regenerating fibers during later analysis¹².

Lentiviral vectors are popular in gene therapy studies, as they provide stable, long-term expression in neuronal populations^{13,14,15,16,17,18,19}. However, traditionally packaged lentiviral vectors can have limited retrograde transport and may trigger immune system response when used in vivo^4,20,21. A highly-efficient retrograde transport vector termed HiRet has been produced by Kato et al. by modifying the viral envelope with a rabies virus glycoprotein to create a hybrid vector that improves retrograde transport^22,23.

Retrograde tracing introduces a vector into the synaptic space of a target neuron, allowing it to be taken up by that cell’s axon and transported to the cell body. Successful transport of HiRet has been demonstrated from neuronal synapses into the brains of mice and primates^23,24 and from the muscle into motor neurons²². This protocol demonstrates injection into the lumbar spinal cord, specifically targeting the synaptic terminals of propriospinal interneurons and brainstem neurons. PNs receive connections from many different spinal pathways and can thus be utilized to target a diverse population of neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Labeled neurons in this study represent circuits innervating motor neuron pools relating to hindlimb motor function. Robust labeling is seen in the spinal cord and brainstem, including high fidelity details of dendritic arbors and axon terminals. We have also used this method in previous studies within the cervical spinal cord to label propriospinal and brainstem reticulospinal pathways²⁵.

This protocol demonstrates injection of a viral vector into the lumbar spinal cord of a rat. As seen in Movie 1, the incision is targeted by identifying the L1 vertebra located at the last rib. This is used as a caudal landmark for a 3-4 cm incision that exposes musculature over the L1-L4 spinal cord. Laminectomies of the dorsal aspects of the T11-T13 vertebrae are performed and a beveled glass needle is directed 0.8 mm lateral from the midline and lowered 1.5 mm deep into the gray matter to inject virus.

Protocol

All of the following surgical and animal care procedures have been approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Temple University. 1. Pre-surgical preparations Prepare pulled glass needles for viral injection a few days before surgery using 3.5 nanoliter glass capillary pipettes designed for nanoliter injectors. Pull each pipette on a two-step needle puller according to the manufacturer’s instructions to create two needle templates. Refine the tip of the needle …

Representative Results

Successful injection and transport of the viral vector should result in transduction of a robust population of unilateral neurons in the spinal cord and in certain brainstem nuclei. Figure 1 demonstrates stereotypical labeling of neurons and axons in the thoracic spinal cord and in the pontine reticular formation of the brainstem at four weeks post-injection. Significant GFP expression is seen in neurons in the gray matter of the thoracic spinal cord on the side ipsilater…

Discussion

Genetic manipulation of neurons in the brain and spinal cord has served to highlight sensory, motor and autonomic pathways via fluorescent tracing and to explore regrowth potential of neuronal tracts after injury^{27,28,29,30,31,32,33}. Direct injection of a retrogradely transportable viral vec…

Materials

#10 Scalpel Blades	Roboz	RS-9801-10	For use with the scalpel.
1 mL Syringes	Becton, Dickinson and Company	309659	For anesthetic IP injection, potential anesthetic booster shots, and antibiotic injections.
10mL Syringes	Becton, Dickinson and Company	309604	For injecting saline into the animal, post-surgery.
4.0 Chromic Catgut Suture	DemeTECH	NN374-16	To re-bind muscle during closing.
48000 Micropipette Beveler	World Precision Instruments	32416	Used to bevel the tips of the pulled glass capillary tubes to form functional glass needles.
5% Iodine Solution	Purdue Products L.P.	L01020-08	For use in sterilzation of the surgical site.
70% Ethanol	N/A	N/A	For sterilization of newly prepared glass needles, animal models during surgical preparation, and surgeon's hands during surgery, as well as all other minor maintainances of sterility.
Anesthetic (Ketamine/Xylazine Solution)	Zoetis	240048	For keeping the animal in the correct plane of consciousness during surgery.
Antibiotic (Cefazolin)	West-Ward Pharmaceuticals	NPC 0143-9924-90	To be injected subcutaneously to prevent infection post-surgery.
Bead Sterilizer	CellPoint	5-1450	To heat sterilize surgical instruments.
Bonewax	Fine Science Tools	19009-00	To seal up bone in the case of bone bleeding.
Cauterizer	Fine Science Tools	18010-00	To seal any arteries or veins severed during surgery to prevent excessive blood loss.
Digital Scale	Okaus	REV.005	For weighing the animal during surgical preparation.
Flexible Needle Attachment	World Precision Instruments	MF34G-5	For cleaning glass needles and loading red oil into glass needles.
Gelfoam	Pfizer	H68079	To seal up bone in the case of bone bleeding.
Glass Capillary Tubes	World Precision Instruments	4878	For pulled glass needles – should be designed for nanoliter injectors.
Hair Clippers	Oster	111038-060-000	For clearing the surgical site of hair.
Hemostats	Roboz	RS-7231	For general use in surgery.
Kimwipes	Kimtech	34155	For general use in surgery.
Medium Point Curved Forceps	Roboz	RS-5136	For general use in surgery.
Micromanipulator with a Vernier Scale	Kanetec	N/A	For precise targeting during surgery.
Microscissors	Roboz	RS-5621	For cutting glass whisps off of freshly pulled glass capillary tubes.
Microscope with Light and Vernier Scale Ocular	Leitz Wetzlar	N/A	Used to visualize and measure beveling of pulled glass capillary tubes into functional glass needles.
MicroSyringe Pump Controller	World Precision Instruments	62403	To control the rate of injection.
Nanoliter 2000 Pump Head Injector	World Precision Instruments	500150	To load and inject virus in a controlled fashion.
Needle Puller	Narishige	PC-100	To heat and pull apart glass capillary tubes to form glass needles.
Ophthalamic Ointment	Dechra Veterinary Products	RAC 0119	To protect the animal's eyes during surgery.
Parafilm	Bemis	PM-996	To assist with loading virus into the nanoinjector.
PrecisionGlide Needles (25G x 5/8)	Becton, Dickinson and Company	305122	For use with the 1mL and 10 mL syringes to allow injection of the animal model.
Rat Tooth Forceps	Roboz	RS-5152	For griping spinous processes.
Red Oil	N/A	N/A	To provide a front for visualization of virus entering tissue during injection.
Retractors	Roboz	RS-6510	To hold open the surgical wound.
Rimadyl Tablets	Bio Serv	MP275-050	For pain management post-surgery.
Rongeurs	Roboz	RS-8300	To remove muscle from the spinal column during surgery.
Scalpel Blade Handle	Roboz	RS-9843	To slice open skin and fat pad of animal model during surgery.
Scissors	Roboz	RS-5980	For general use in surgery.
Stainless Steal Wound Clips	CellPoint	201-1000	To bind the skin of the surgical wound during closing.
Staple Removing Forceps	Kent Scientific	INS750347	To remove the staples, should they be applied incorrectly.
Sterile Cloth	Phenix Research Products	BP-989	To provide a sterile surface for the operation.
Sterile Cotton-Tipped Applicators	Puritan	806-WC	To soak up blood in the surgical wound while maintaining sterility.
Sterile Gauze	Covidien	2146	To clean the surgical area and surgical tools while maintaining sterility.
Sterile Saline	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	281324	For use in blood clearing, and for replacing fluids post-surgery.
Surgical Gloves	N/A	N/A	For use by the surgeon to maintain sterile field during surgery.
Surgical Heating Pad	N/A	N/A	For maintaining the body temperature of the animal model during surgery.
Surgical Microscope	N/A	N/A	For enhanced visualization of the surgical wound.
Surgical Stapler	Kent Scientific	INS750546	To apply the staples.
T/Pump Heat Therapy Water Pump	Gaymar	TP500C	To pump warm water into the water convection warming pad.
Water Convection Warming Pad	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	L1K018	For use in the post-operational recovery area to maintain the body temperature of the unconscious animal.
Weighted Hooks	N/A	N/A	To hold open the surgical wound.