Summary

训练犬为觉醒,无节制的功能磁共振成像

Published: October 13, 2019
doi:

Summary

无节制的醒狗磁共振成像(MRI)是一种新方法,具有物理或化学约束成像的多种优点。该协议引入了一种经济高效的培训方法,可最大限度地减少 MRI 环境中的培训,这既可能成本高昂,又可最大化可用于狗功能 MRI 的主题池。

Abstract

我们提出了犬功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 训练协议,可以以经济高效的方式,使用高能量狗,用于获取功能和结构数据。这种训练狗醒,无节制fMRI的方法采用一种通用化程序,在几个不同的位置驻点,以方便站位行为转移到真正的MRI扫描环境;无需在 MRI 扫描环境中进行大量培训,即可进行上述工作,这非常昂贵。此外,此方法将站位(即下巴休息)行为的训练从脱敏分解为 MRI 环境(即 100 度分贝扫描音频),后者在专用的听觉暴露调节会话中完成。完整的培训和测试协议需要14小时,并立即转移到新的地点。我们还提供了从视觉面部处理和嗅觉鉴别范式中获得的蜂法fMRI数据的例子。

Introduction

对无节制的醒狗进行磁共振成像(MRI)是一种新方法,为检查狗脑的功能和结构创造了一种新方法。首次公布的MR图像从无拘无束的醒狗获取帐户在2009年(结构)和2012年(功能)1,2。功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 有几个优点,用于研究无节制清醒的狗的大脑功能。首先,数据收集与人类相似,因此更容易在物种3中通用。第二,不需要麻醉,消除任何不良的后遗症。第三,大脑活动通过麻醉而改变,因此无需麻醉可以更好地评估认知功能。第四,虽然流体/食物剥夺和身体限制允许研究人员探索非麻醉动物(如啮齿动物、鸟类和灵长类动物模型),但这些动物的认知状态可能不同于其无节制和无节制的同类动物。3.

目前,全世界有五个实验室正在扫描醒着的狗(美国亚特兰大;美国奥本;布达佩斯, 匈牙利;克雷塔罗,墨西哥;奥地利维也纳),没有标准化的方法训练狗故意接受核磁共振扫描5,6,7。所有的训练方法都有一个共同的目标,即训练狗长时间保持静止,这是高质量的大脑扫描所必需的。虽然所有方法都通过强化学习的原则工作,但具体实施方式各不相同,我们还不知道这种差异对结果的影响。因此,如果建议的培训方法被接受并得到广泛应用,则可以减少数据中的一些不良差异。在本文中,我们将重点讨论在MRI扫描仪中驻台的训练方法。MRI 扫描成本高昂,我们开发的拟议方法旨在经济高效,因此可向世界各地的培训人员通用,而无需定期使用 MRI 扫描仪进行培训。

该方法由两个主要部分组成:培训和测试。培训包括两个阶段。第一阶段是在开放环境中训练狗到下巴目标(即站),第二阶段是训练狗在模拟核磁共振成像站。在整个培训阶段,在单独的、专用的听觉暴露过程中,MRI 的脱敏现象都会发生。测试包括将驻留在五个不同测试位置的便携式模拟 MRI 中。此测试阶段的效用是概括站位行为,促进转移到真正的 MRI 环境。总体协议在图 1中进行了总结。

Figure 1
图 1:协议时间线。协议时间表分为两个组件:培训和测试。培训进一步分为两个阶段,开放环境和模拟MRI。训练期间也进行单独的听觉暴露训练。测试包括将驻留在五个不同的传输位置 (T1-T5) 的便携式模拟 MRI 中。一旦狗将驻点行为概括为五个不同传输位置的标准,狗就可以在真实的 MRI 环境中收集数据了。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

根据阶段,训练和测试每周需要25至75分钟,每只狗:一个10分钟的听觉暴露和两个或两个以上5至30分钟的站站会话。该协议可在 25 周内完成。在转移测试期间,狗在五个不同位置的便携式模拟 MRI(孔、射频线圈、90+ dB 音频、耳垫)中执行几轮 5 分钟的无动降/停留和下巴休息。转移会话每周进行一次,每次 30-60 分钟,连续五周。在 MRI 测试期间,狗在 60 分钟的结构和功能数据采集过程中,在真正的 MRI 扫描仪中执行几轮最终站站行为。

在整个训练和测试中,下巴休息是重点的行为。下巴休息是狗触摸他的下巴到一个物体的表面后,一些提示瞄准(即,休息他的下巴)到该表面。目标提示可以是物理的(例如手势、诱饵)、口头(例如,口语单词”rest”),也可以是对象(例如,进入下巴休息本身)。下巴定位行为的流畅表现对于限制头部运动至关重要。在此协议中,下巴休息行为被调节、维护和概括,以在多个上下文中(不同的休息设备,在多个位置)发生,并延长目标持续时间(最多五分钟)。此外,培训师对下场和停留的行为进行条件和保持良好的表现,以及对释放提示”好”、条件强化器和行为事件标记”点击”和保持前进信号(KGS)”良好”的良好激励控制8.在协议过程中,在特定阶段和特定时间间隔内引入多种刺激和装置。这些材料易于采购,价格低廉。有关完整详细信息,请参阅材料表

Protocol

这些方法的道德批准得到了奥本大学机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准,所有方法都按照其准则和条例执行。对于听觉暴露,通过会话的进展基于周数。对于站站课程,必须满足特定的会话指定性能标准(例如,至少 11 秒钟的下巴定位持续时间),然后培训师才能将狗推进到该培训阶段的下一个会话。否则,将重复该步骤。 1. 听觉暴露会话 注:这些会话?…

Representative Results

表1列出了每个会话级别的平均重复次数。完整的培训和测试协议需要 14 小时(M = 13.55 h,范围为 12-16 小时),包括 90 个会话(范围 87-93 次)。开放环境训练持续4.38小时(范围3-5小时),模拟MRI训练持续5.4小时(范围4.2-6.5小时),转移为2.5小时,分为5个30分钟。19级的维护课程在转院期间进行,反映在上述完整的培训时间内。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.wi…

Discussion

上述协议将站位(下巴休息)行为的训练从脱敏分离到 MRI 环境。此外,它还利用在几个不同位置的驻点通用化程序,帮助将驻点行为转移到真实的MRI扫描环境;无需在 MRI 扫描环境中进行大量培训,即可进行上述工作,这非常昂贵。总体而言,培训和测试在14小时内完成,并立即转移到新的地点。虽然目前很难以有意义的方式比较各实验室的方法,但我们提出了一种犬fMRI训练协议,可以以经济高?…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢《梅因表现科学》和奥本大学心理学和电气与计算机工程系。这项工作得到了专业狗训练师协会的支持。

Materials

Acrylic Mock Radiofrequency Coil Menards TU59018594 Mock Radiofrequency (RF) Coil: 8" diameter x 4' Concrete Form Tube. Makes four mock RF coils; cut form tube in four even lengths for four 8" diameter x 1' mock RF coils.
Agility Tunnel J&J Dog Supplies TT053 Open Agility Training Tunnel
Bluetooth Speaker Sharkk SP-SK896WTR-GRY Portable Scan Audio Playback: Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Sharkk 2O IP67 Bluetooth Speaker Outdoor Pool Beach and Shower Portable Wireless Speaker
Cardboard Concrete Form Tube Menards TU10120014 Stationary Mock MRI Bore: Sonotube 24" diameter x 12' Standard Wall Water-Resistant Concrete Form. Makes two mock bores; cut form tube in half for two 24" diameter x 6' bores.
Chuckit Ball Chuckit! 17030 Toy Reward: Chuckit! Ultra Ball
Decibel X Skypaw Decibel meter phone app
Exercise Mat Foam chin rest: cut mat in half lengthwise. Roll up, and secure roll with hot glue. Cut chin-size notch in center with X-ACTO knife. Hot-glue velcro to bottom surface.
Folding Table 3' x 6' folding table
Microfiber Car Wax Applicator Pad Viking Car Care 862400 Viking Car Care Microfiber Applicator Pads
Natural Balance Treat Log Natual Balance 236020 Food Reward: E.g., Chicken Formula Dog Food Roll, 3.5-lb roll
Plywood Platform: 2"x4"x6' length of wood affixed to 3'x6' plywood board. Hot glue exercise mat on plywood board for traction. Braces: 3 4x4x4" cubes cut at 45-degree angle affixed to ends of 1"x4"x3' lengths of wood. Makes 3 braces.
Sand Bags J&J Dog Supplies AG155 J&J Professional Quality Sandbags x 2
Speaker System Pioneer Electrics HTD645DV Stationary Scan Audio Playback: Pioneer HTD645DV 5 Disk DVD Home Theater System with Wireless Surround Speakers. Operating Instructions.
Towel standard towel

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Strassberg, L. R., Waggoner, L. P., Deshpande, G., Katz, J. S. Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J. Vis. Exp. (152), e60192, doi:10.3791/60192 (2019).

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