Summary

I Vivo Infektion med Leishmania amazonensis at evaluere parasit virulens i mus

Published: February 20, 2020
doi:

Summary

Her præsenterer vi en samlet protokol til at evaluere den kutane infektion af mus med Leishmania amazonensis. Dette er en pålidelig metode til at studere parasit virulens, så en systemisk opfattelse af hvirveldyr vært reaktion på infektionen.

Abstract

Leishmania spp. er protozoiske parasitter, der forårsager leishmaniases, sygdomme, der præsenterer et bredt spektrum af kliniske manifestationer fra kutane til viscerallæsioner. I øjeblikket, 12 millioner mennesker skønnes at være smittet med Leishmania på verdensplan og over 1 milliard mennesker lever med risiko for infektion. Leishmania amazonensis er endemisk i Central-og Sydamerika og fører normalt til kutanform af sygdommen, som kan være direkte visualiseret i et dyr model. Derfor l. amazonensis stammer er gode modeller for kutan leishmaniasis undersøgelser, fordi de også er let dyrkes in vitro. C57BL/6 mus efterligner L. amazonensis-drevetsygdomsprogression observeret hos mennesker og betragtes som en af de bedste mus stammer model for kutan leishmaniasis. I hvirveldyr vært, disse parasitter bebor makrofager på trods af forsvarsmekanismer af disse celler. Flere undersøgelser bruger in vitro makrofag infektion assays at evaluere parasitten infektiviet under forskellige betingelser. In vitro-metoden er imidlertid begrænset til et isoleret cellesystem, der ser bort fra skadegørerens respons. Her udarbejder vi en in vivo murine infektion metode, der giver en systemisk fysiologisk oversigt over host-parasit interaktion. Den detaljerede protokol for in vivo infektion af C57BL/6 mus med L. amazonensis omfatter parasit differentiering i infektiøse amastigotes, mus footpad kutan vaccination, læsion udvikling, og parasit belastning bestemmelse. Vi foreslår denne veletablerede metode som den mest hensigtsmæssige metode til fysiologiske undersøgelser af værtens immun- og metaboliske reaktioner på kutan leishmaniasis.

Introduction

Leishmaniases er verdensomspændende parasitære smitsomme sygdomme , der repræsenterer vigtige udfordringer i udviklingslandene og er anerkendt som en af de vigtigste forsømte tropiske sygdomme af Verdenssundhedsorganisationen1,2. Leishmaniases er kendetegnet ved kutane, slimhinde, og / eller visceral manifestationer. Kutan leishmaniasis er normalt forårsaget af L. amazonensis, L. mexicana, L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. major, L. tropica og L. aethiopica3. Denne form for sygdommen er ofte selvhelbredende hos mennesker på grund af induktion af beskyttende cellulære immunrespons. Men, cellulære immunrespons kan mislykkes, og sygdommen kan udvikle sig til at formidlecutan leishmaniasis4,5. Der findes ingen vaccine på grund af mangfoldigheden blandt leishmaniaarter og er vært for genetiske baggrunde6,7. Behandlingsmuligheder er også begrænset, da de fleste af de aktuelt tilgængelige lægemidler er enten dyre, giftige og/eller kan kræve langtidsbehandling8,9. Desuden har der været rapporter om resistens over for lægemidler mod de tilgængelige behandlinger10,11.

Det forårsagende middel af leishmaniases er den protozoiske parasit Leishmania. Parasitten præsenterer to forskellige morfologiske former i sin livscyklus: promastigotes, den flagellated form findes i sandfluer; og amastigotes, den intracellulære form findes i parasitophorous vakuoler af pattedyr vært makrofager12,13. Amastigotes evne til at invadere, overleve, og kopiere på trods af forsvarsmekanismer hvirveldyr værtens makrofager er underlagt mange undersøgelser14,15,16,17. Derfor har flere forskergrupper beskrevet in vitro makrofag infektion assays at vurdere virkningen af specifikke miljømæssige faktorer, samt parasit og vært gener på parasitten infectivity. Denne analyse giver flere fordele, såsom evnen til at tilpasse undersøgelser til en høj gennemløb format, relativt kortere periode for at opnå resultater, og reduceret antal laboratoriedyr ofret18. Resultaterne af in vitro-analyser er dog begrænsede , fordi de ikke altid replikerer in vivo-undersøgelser14,19,20,21. In vivo-analyser giver et systemisk fysiologisk overblik over værtsparasittens interaktion, som ikke kan efterlignes fuldt ud af in vitro-analyser. For eksempel kan immunologiske undersøgelser udføres gennem immunhistokemiske analyser fra indsamlede fodpad væv sektioner eller endda fra popliteal lymfeknuder til analyse af de genvundne immunceller22.

Dyr bruges ofte som model for sygdomme hos mennesker i biologisk og biomedicinsk forskning for bedre at forstå de underliggende fysiologiske mekanismer i sygdommene23. I tilfælde af leishmaniasis påvirker ruten, stedet eller dosis af podning sygdomsresultatet24,25,26,27. Endvidere er modtagelighed og modstandsdygtighed over for infektion hos mennesker og mus stærkt reguleret af værtens genetiske baggrund og parasit4,5,22,28,29,30,31. BALB/c mus er meget modtagelige for L. amazonensis kutan infektion, der viser en hurtig sygdomsprogression med parasitternes formidling til lymfeknuder, milt, og lever32. Da sygdommen kan udvikle sig til kutane metastaser, infektionen kan være dødelig. I modsætning hertil udvikler C57BL/6 mus ofte kroniske læsioner med vedvarende parasitbelastninger i L. amazonensisinfektion analyser33. Derved, L. amazonensis infektion med denne særlige musearter er blevet betragtet som en fremragende model til at studere kroniske former for kutan leishmaniasis hos mennesker, fordi det efterligner sygdommen progression bedre end BALB / c mus infektion model5,34.

Derfor foreslår vi, at murine in vivo infektion er en nyttig metode til Leishmania virulens fysiologiske undersøgelser, der gælder for sygdomme hos mennesker, så et systemisk billede af host-parasit interaktion. Revisiting veletablerede analyser22, vi præsenterer her en samlet trin-for-trin protokol af in vivo infektion af C57BL/6 mus med L. amazonensis, der omfatter parasitten differentiering i aksoniske amastigotes, mus footpad kutan vaccination, læsion udvikling, og parasit belastning bestemmelse. Denne protokol kan tilpasses andre mus stammer og Leishmania arter, der forårsager kutane leishmaniases. Afslutningsvis, den metode, der præsenteres her er afgørende for at identificere nyeanti-Leishmania narkotika mål og vacciner, samt i fysiologiske undersøgelser af værten immun og metaboliske reaktioner på Leishmania infektion.

Protocol

Alle forsøgsprocedurer blev godkendt af Animal Care and Use Committee ved Institute of Bioscience ved Universitetet i São Paulo (CEUA 342/2019), og blev gennemført i overensstemmelse med anbefalingerne og politikkerne for pleje og anvendelse af laboratoriedyr i São Paulo State (Lei Estadual 11.977, de 25/08/2005) og den brasilianske regering (Lei Federal 11.794, de 08/10/2008). Alle trin, der er beskrevet i afsnit 1-5, skal udføres aseptisk inde i laminarflowskabe. Personlige værnemidler bør udnyttes under håndte…

Representative Results

Leishmania protozoparasitter findes i to udviklingsmæssige former i løbet af deres livscyklus i hvirvelløse dyr og hvirveldyr værter: promastigotes, de promastigotes, de promastigotes, de promastigoter, de promastigoter, de promastigoter, de promastiske former findes i lumen af den kvindelige sandflue; og amastigotes, de proliferatformer, der findes i de parasitophorøse vakuoler i pattedyrs værtsceller. Promastigotes har en aflang krop på ca. 1,5 μm bred og 20 μm lang, m…

Discussion

In vivo infektion assay beskrevet i denne protokol giver enhver forsker til at evaluere in vivo kutan leishmaniasis overvejer vært-parasit interaktion i et systemisk scenario. Disse analyser er blevet brugt af mange grupper22,24,27,29,31,32,34,49 og her ha…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Vi vil gerne takke prof. Dr. Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara fra Animal Center of the Biomedical Sciences Institute ved Universitetet i São Paulo for støtte og prof. Dr. Silvia Reni Uliana for at give glasvæv slibemaskine. Dette arbejde blev støttet af Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP – MFLS’ tilskud 2017/23933-3).

Materials

96-well plate Greiner bio-ne 655180 A flat-bottom plate for limiting dilution assay
adenine Sigma A8626 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
caliper Mitutoyo 700-118-20 A caliper to measure the thickness of footpad
cell culture flask Corning 353014 A 25 cm2 volume cell culture flask to cultivate Leishmania parasite
centrifuge Eppendorf 5804R An equipament used for separating samples based on its density
CO2 incubator 34 °C Thermo Scientific 3110 An incubator for amastigotes differentiation
ethanol Merck K50237083820 A disinfectant for general items
fetal bovine serum Gibco 12657-029 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
glass tissue grinder tube Thomas Scientific 3431 E04 A tube to collect and disrupt infected footpad tissue
glucose Synth G1008.01.AH Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
GraphPad Prism Software GraphPad A software used to plot the data and calculate statistical significance
hemin Sigma H-2250 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
HEPES Promega H5303 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
incubator 25 °C Fanem 347CD An incubator for promastigotes cultivation
inverted microscope Nikon TMS An equipament used to visual analyze the promastigote and amastigote cultures
isoflurane An inhalant anesthetics for mice (3-5%)
laminar flow cabinet Veco VLFS-09 A biosafety cabinet used for aseptical work area
M199 cell culture media Gibco 31100-035 A cell culture media for Leishmania cultivation
microcentrifuge tube Axygen MCT150C A microtube used for sample collection, processing and storage
multichanel pipette Labsystems F61978 A multichannel pipette used for limiting dilution assay
NaHCO3 Merck 6329 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
NaOH Sigma S8045 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
Neubauer chamber HBG 2266 A hemocytometer to count the parasite suspension
optical microscope Nikon E200 An optical equipament used to count parasite
parafilm Bemis 349 A flexible and resistant plastic to seal the plate
penicillin/streptomycin Gibco 15140122 Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
Petri dishes TPP 93100 A sterile dish to dissect the footpad tissue
pipetman kit Gilson F167360 A micropipette kit containing four pipettors (P2 P20 P200 P1000)
scale Quimis BG2000 An equipament used to weigh collected footpad lesions
scalpel Solidor 10237580026 A scalpel to cut and collect footpad tissue
serological pipette 10 mL Nest 327001 A sterile pipette used for transfering mililiter volumes
tips Axygen A pipette tip used for transfering microliter volumes
Trypan blue Gibco 15250-061 A dye used to count viable parasites
trypticase peptone Merck Supplement added to M199 cell culture media
tuberculin syringe BD 305945 A syringe with 27G needle to inoculate the parasite suspension

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Aoki, J. I., Hong, A., Zampieri, R. A., Floeter-Winter, L. M., Laranjeira-Silva, M. F. In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (156), e60617, doi:10.3791/60617 (2020).

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