Summary

质谱分析,用于识别 EYFP 标记 CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) 的泛化

Published: June 10, 2020
doi:

Summary

CENP-A泛化是CENP-A在中心区沉积的重要要求,通过细胞分裂之间的二化遗传,对细胞的生存能力不可或缺。在这里,我们描述质谱分析,以确定EYFP标记CENP-A(EYFP-CENP-A)蛋白的泛化。

Abstract

研究基诺胆和中中心体的结构与动力学对于理解染色体不稳定性(CIN)和癌症进展非常重要。染色体的位置和功能如何确定中心(即中心体特性)并参与准确的染色体分离是一个根本问题。CENP-A被建议为中心鉴定的非DNA指标(表观遗传标记),CENP-A泛化是中心体沉积所需的,通过细胞分裂之间的二化遗传,对细胞的生存能力不可或缺。

在这里,我们描述质谱分析,以确定EYFP-CENP-A K124R突变体泛化,这表明,由于CENP-A K124R突变蛋白中的EYFP标记,在不同的LyFP标记诱导了不同莱氨酸的泛基化。通过质谱分析,成功识别了EYFP-CENP-A K124R中的莱辛306(K306)泛化,与CENP-A中的莱氨酸56(K56)相对应。使用GFP/EYFP或标记高分子量蛋白质作为分析蛋白质功能的工具时讨论了一个警告。目前还讨论了对泛基带的检测、对位点特异性泛基化的识别以及活细胞或整个细胞周期中特定单细胞泛化的可视化的技术限制。

本文介绍的质谱分析方法可应用于具有不同标签的人类CENP-A蛋白和其他中分蛋白。这些组合方法由几种分析/分析组成,可以推荐给有兴趣识别泛基化功能作用的研究人员。

Introduction

在大多数真核生物中,主轴微管必须附着在每条染色体的单个区域上,称为中心。基内托多尔是位于百分中心附近的蛋白质复合体。研究中胸和基内托多尔蛋白运动的时间以及基内托丘尔和中心体的结构对于了解染色体不稳定性(CIN)和癌症进展非常重要。关键问题是如何确定中心仪的染色体位置和功能(即中心身份),以及它们如何参与准确的染色体分离。在大多数物种中,含有一种称为CENP-A的特定组蛋白的特殊核细胞的存在定义了中位认同。因此,建议CENP-A是中心标识的非DNA指标(表观遗传标记)。阐明CENP-A如何定义人类中中心身份的机制非常重要。

Holliday结识别蛋白(HJURP)是CENP-A特异性伴郎,它沉积在中中心核,,1、2、3中。3我们之前曾报道过,CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3连结对于Lysine124(K124)和中圆素定位4的CENP-A泛基酶是必需的。此外,我们的结果表明,新合成的CENP-A的中程招募需要预先存在的泛基化CENP-A5。因此,提供了一个模型,表明CENP-A泛基化是通过细胞分裂之间的二化遗传的。

与我们的发现和余等人的调查结果相反,最近发表了关于CENP-A及其中心定位的负面结果。文章称,CENP-A对莱辛124(K124)的修改对于人类中心体的建立、维持和长期功能是可有的,基于其负面结果表明,K124R的突变不影响CENP-A中心体定位,两者细胞的生存能力6。然而,在他们的结果和结论中有足够的空间进行辩论,我们已经在他们以前的出版物7中描述了什么问题。需要注意的是,它们将蛋白质与CENP-A融合在一起,其分子量比内源CENP-A大得多:例如,它们将+30 kDa增强性黄色荧光蛋白(EYFP)融合到+16kDa CENP-A,并分析了RPE-1 CENP-A K124R融合蛋白中的RPE-1CENP-A-F-F淘汰系统。根据结构预测4,K124泛素预计不会直接与HJURP结合,但是,单泛素的添加预计将对CENP-A的蛋白质构象产生影响。CENP-A构象的蛋白质可以通过大型融合蛋白的存在来改变,这种构象变化可能掩盖由泛基化损失引起的结构变化。我们建议,大尺寸蛋白质的融合在EYFP-CENP-A K124R突变体中诱导K124以外的Lysine泛基化,而另一个站点的这种泛基化抑制/掩盖原始的K124R单突变表型。CENP-A K124R突变蛋白中具有大标签蛋白(EYFP)的不同莱辛发生泛基化的证据,在我们的上一份出版物8中报道。研究发现,EYFP标记诱导EYFP-CENP-A K124R的另一个莱辛站点的泛化,EYFP-CENP-A K124R突变体与HJURP结合。因此,在另一个站点的这种泛化抑制/掩盖了原始的K124R单突变体,EYFP-CENP-A WT和K124R突变体都显示出百分位定位(我们使用并比较了pBabe-EYFP-CENP-A WT和K124R突变体,以及pBabe-FPEY控制)。结果表明,标记或未标记的CENP-A K124R突变体是致命的,但可以通过单比素融合来拯救,这表明CENP-A泛化对于细胞的生存能力是必不可少的。

近年来,许多研究已经开发出不同的分析方法,以识别CENP-A蛋白和其他中端细胞-基内托托蛋白的翻译后修饰(PTMs),包括体内和体外,9、10、11。,1011与组蛋白的PTM类似,作为调节染色质功能的主要机制,中分色染色质成分的PTM也参与调节中分素整体结构和功能的基本机制。大多数CENP-A PTM位点特定于CENP-A含核糖体,尽管其中一些在组蛋白H3中保存,这表明这些残留物的修饰有助于中分中心特异性功能。CENP-A的PTM包括磷酸化、乙酰化、甲基化和泛化,9日曾报道过,这表明CENP-A在其氨基元和C-术语组蛋白折叠域上受到各种PTM及其组合阵列的影响。CENP-A 在多个函数中修改的重要性被包括我们在内的许多团体所揭示。这些功能涉及CENP-A在中心沉积,蛋白质稳定性,和CCAN(构成中心相关网络)的招募9。然而,CENP-A PPTM 的有限研究和发现是预先形成,其中比较与直接或间接调节其功能的规范组体之一进行比较。侧重于确定这些 CENP-A PPTM 方法的技术报告也有限。

由于CENP-A泛化是CENP-A在中心12的沉积所需要,通过细胞分裂5之间的二化遗传,细胞活力8不可或缺,因此,识别CENP-A泛化的方法在未来对于研究中心的功能活性、定位和结构至关重要。因此,在这里我们描述质谱分析,以确定EYFP-CENP-A K124R突变体泛化,表明EYFP标记在CENP-A K124R突变蛋白8中诱导不同莱辛的泛基化。提出了其他控制测定和分析(免疫荧光分析、菌落生长测定和体内泛化分析)的规程,以恰当地讨论主要质谱分析的结果。

Protocol

1. pBabe-EYFP-CENP-A构造的细胞培养和逆转录病毒转染 注:EYFP-CENP-A 以与内源 CENP-A 相似的蛋白质水平从 pBabe-EYFP-CENP-A 表示。总细胞CENP-A蛋白被这种EYFP-CENP-A所取代,在CENP-A-/F等位-/F基因被Cre重组酶破坏后,如RPE-1 CENP-A-/–细胞6。 使用293T包装细胞制备含有逆转录病毒的上一症。 第 0 天:将 293T 包装细胞铺在 6 井培养板(1.0 x 106细胞/…

Representative Results

EYFP-CENP-A K124突变体显示泛基化,与HJURP相互作用,且百分位定位无缺陷,两者无细胞杀伤性。在这里,Fachinetti等人(2017年)报告的系统被重新构成:在二倍体人类(RPE-1)细胞携带一个中断和一个’漂浮’CENP-A等位基因(CENP-A-/F),EYFP-CENP-A从pBabe-EYFP逆转录病毒载体表达。CENP-A-/F在这个系统中,CENP-A-/F等位基因的内生CENP-A的表达可能被Cre重…

Discussion

在这里,我们描述了质谱分析的方法,以确定EYFP-CENP-A K124R突变体泛化,这表明EYFP标记在CENP-A K124R突变蛋白8中诱导不同莱辛的泛基化。在我们的结果中,我们通过质谱分析成功地确定了EYFP-CENP-A K124R中莱辛306(K306)的泛化,与CENP-A中的Lysine 56(K56)相对应。此处描述的质谱分析是一种模拟方法,因为我们之前识别的是 CENP-A WT-Flag12的 Lysine 124 (K124) 泛化位点?…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢南京大学动物模型研究中心的李超军进行质谱分析。我们感谢延米尼·达拉尔、福田康夫和南京大学动物模型研究中心和格力儿童癌症研究所的现任研究人员,感谢他们的有益讨论、实验指导和试剂。我们感谢唐·克利夫兰、丹尼尔·法奇内蒂、扬米尼·达拉尔、明·布伊、古斯塔沃·莱昂、约翰·汤普森、劳伦斯·基尔希纳、阿姆鲁塔·阿什特卡尔、本·布莱克、格伦尼斯·洛格斯顿、肯吉·塔戈和黎明·钱德勒的慷慨捐赠。Y.N.由江苏省”双一级”建设基金、江苏省自然科学基金(SBK201021248)、江苏省第十六届六大人才高峰基金(TD-SWYY-001)、江苏省”外国专家百人计划”基金(SBK201010048)和中国国家自然科学基金(31970665)资助。这项研究得到了NCI赠款R21 CA205659的部分支持。

Materials

Equpiments/Tools
0.5 ml protein low binding tubes Eppendorf 022431064 For mass spectrometry analysis
10cm cell culture dish BIOFIL/JET, China 700224 10 cm tissue culture dish (Yohei lab, PN63)
6 Well Cell Culture Cluster Fisher/Corning Incorporated 07-200-83 6-well culture plate
CentriVap LABCONCO Benchtop vacuum concentrator for vaccum dry peptides for mass spectrometry analysis
ChromXP C18CL, 120A, 15 cm x 75 μm Eksigent Technologies 805-00120 Liquid chromatography (RPLC) column for mass spectrometry analysis
HCX PL APO 100x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PHE 100X Oil immersion lens
HCX PL APO 63x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PH 3 CS 63X Oil immersion lens
Immobilon-FL PVDF Transfer Membrane EMD Millipore IPVH00010 For western blot
Leica DM IRE2 motorized fluorescence microscope Leica motorized fluorescence microscope
Leica EL6000 compact light source Leica External light source for fluorescent excitation
Micro Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm) Surgipath 105 Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm)
Model V16-2 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis apparatus Apogee Electrophoresis/CORE Life Sciences 31071010 Gel electrophoresis apparatus I to apply bigger SDS-PAGE gel
nanoLC.2D Eksigent Technologies liquid chromatography system for mass spectrometry analysis
NuPAGE 4%-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gels Thermo Fisher NP0335BOX The commercially available 4%-12% Bis-Tris protein gels for mass spectrometry analysis
Olympus FLUOVIEW FV3000 confocal laser scanning microscope Olympus Confocal laser scanning microscope (https://www.olympus-lifescience.com.cn/en/support/ downloads/#!dlOpen=%23detail847250519)
ORCA-R2 Degital CCD camera Hamamatsu C10600-10B CCD camera
PAP Pen Binding Site AD100.1 For a water repellant barrier in immunofluorescent staining
TISSUE CULTURE DISHES 10CM VWR 25382-166 10 cm tissue culture dish
Vertical electrophoresis for gel running (big size) Junyi, China JY-SCZ6+ Gel electrophoresis apparatus II to apply bigger SDS-PAGE gel (Yohei lab, PE23)
VWR Micro Slides, Frosted VWR International 48312-013 Micro slides
Primary antibodies
Anti-CENP-A antibody Stressgen/Enzo Life Sciences KAM-CC006 Mouse monoclonal antibody
Anti-CENP-B antibody Novus Biologicals H00001059-B01P Mouse monoclonal antibody
anti-GAPDH ABCAM ab37168 Rabbit polyclonal antibody
anti-GAPDH Invitrogen PA1987 Rabbit polyclonal antibody
anti-GFP antibody ANTI #76 (Homemade antibody) Rabbit polyclonal antibody
anti-HA (3F10) Roche 11815016001 Rat monoclonal antibody
anti-HJURP Proteintech Group 15283–1-AP Rabbit polyclonal antibody
anti-Ubiquitin Bethyl Laboratories A300-317A-1 Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Reagents
Bio-Rad Protein Assay Bio-Rad 500-0006 Commercial protein assay reagent I for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 0.1% SDS)
Branson SONIFIER 450 Sonicator
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Step, Solid, Threaded 9.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc. 33995-325 Disruptor horn for sonication
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Tapered 6.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc. 33996-185 Microtip for sonication
Buffer A1 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4; 50 mM NaCl; 0.5% Nonidet P-40; 0.5% deoxycholate; 0.5% SDS; 1 mM EDTA; complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor reagent
Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail Roche 11-873-580-001 Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor reagent for buffer A1
Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 BBI Life Sciences CAS 6104-59-2 Coomassie blue solution for mass spectrometry analysis
Crystal violet solution (2.3% crystal violet, 0.1% ammonium oxylate, 20% ethanol) SigmaI-Aldrich HT90132-1L For colony staining
DAPI SIGMA-SLDRICH D9542 For nuclear staining
DMEM: F12 Medium ATCC 30-2006 DMEM: F12 Medium
Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin Life Technologies/Gibco 10082 FBS (fetal bovine serum)
High-glucose DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium) Life Technologies/BioWhittaker 12-604 high-glucose DMEM
Lipofectamin 3000 Life Technologies/Invitrogen L3000 Transfection reagent I for chemical transfection
Lipofectamin 3000, P3000 solution Life Technologies/Invitrogen L3000 Transfection reagent II for chemical transfection
Methanol Fisher A412-4 Fixation reagant
Non fat powdered milk (approved substitution for carnation powdered milk) Fisher Scientific NC9255871 (Reorder No. 190915; Lot# 90629) Non-fat skim milk
Opti-MEM I Life Technologies/Invitrogen 31985 Reduced serum media
p-phenylenediamine SIGMA-SLDRICH P6001 For mounting medium
Penicillin, Streptomycin; Liquid Fisher/Gibco 15-140 Penicillin-streptomycin
Poly-L-Lysine SOLUTION SIGMA-SLDRICH P 8920 Poly-L-Lysine, 0.1% w/v, in water
Polyethyleneimine [PEI]; 1.0 mg/ml Polysciences 23966–2 Transfection reagent III for chemical transfection
Protein A sepharose CL-4B beads GE Healthcare/Amersham 17-0963-03 Protein A sepharose CL-4B beads for in vivo ubiquitylation assays using pQCXIP-EYFP-CENP-A
Restore Western Blot Stripping Buffer Thermo Scientific PI21059 Western Blot Stripping Buffer I
Sequencing grade trypsin Promega V5111 For mass spectrometry analysis
SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate Thermo 34095 Ultra-sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrate
UltraPure Distilled Water Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Gibco 10977 Sterile tissue culture grade water
Western Blot Stripping Buffer II ((50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.85; 2% SDS; 50 mM DTT; 100 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol) Western Blot Stripping Buffer II
Secondary antibodies
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11008 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11005 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Softwares
Acquisition FV31S-SW software Olympus Sofware C1 (https://www.olympus-lifescience.com.cn/en/support/ downloads/#!dlOpen=%23detail847250519)
Analysis FV31S-DT software Olympus Sofware C2 (https://www.olympus-lifescience.com.cn/en/support/ downloads/#!dlOpen=%23detail847250519)
cellSens Dimension software Ver. 1. 18 Olympus Sofware C3 (https://www.olympus-lifescience.com.cn/en/ software/cellsens/)
Image Studio Analysis Software Ver 4.0 LI-COR Biosciences Software D
Molecular Imager Versadoc MP4000 System Bio-Rad Chemiluminescence imager for immunoblot detection
Odyssey CLx Infrared imaging System LI-COR Biosciences Infrared imaging system for immunoblot detection
OpenCFU saftware For colony counting (http://opencfu.sourceforge.net/)
Openlab version 5.5.2. Scientific Imaging Software Improvision/PerkinElmer Software A
ProteinPilot Software version 4.5 AB SCIEX Software F for mass spectrometry analysis
Quantity One 1-D analysis software Bio-Rad Software E
TripleTOF 5600+ System AB SCIEX Mass spectrometry instrument
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Acquisition) PerkinElmer Software B1
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Quantification) PerkinElmer Software B2

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Niikura, Y., Fang, L., Kitagawa, R., Li, P., Xi, Y., You, J., Guo, Y., Kitagawa, K. Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A). J. Vis. Exp. (160), e61138, doi:10.3791/61138 (2020).

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