En fleksibel platform til overvågning af cerebellumafhængig sensorisk associativ læring
Summary
Vi har udviklet en enkelt platform til at spore dyrs adfærd under to klatrende fiberafhængige associative læringsopgaver. Det billige design muliggør integration med optogenetiske eller billeddannende eksperimenter rettet mod klatring fiber-associeret cerebellær aktivitet.
Abstract
Klatring af fiberindgange til Purkinje-celler giver lærerige signaler, der er kritiske for cerebellum-afhængig associativ læring. At studere disse signaler i hovedfaste mus letter brugen af billeddannelse, elektrofysiologiske og optogenetiske metoder. Her blev der udviklet en billig adfærdsmæssig platform (~ $ 1000), der muliggør sporing af associativ læring hos hovedfiknede mus, der locomote frit på et løbehjul. Platformen indeholder to fælles associative læringsparadigmer: øjenblinkkonditionering og forsinket taktil forskrækkelseskonditionering. Adfærd spores ved hjælp af et kamera og hjulbevægelsen af en detektor. Vi beskriver komponenterne og opsætningen og leverer en detaljeret protokol til træning og dataanalyse. Denne platform tillader inkorporering af optogenetisk stimulering og fluorescensbilleddannelse. Designet gør det muligt for en enkelt værtscomputer at styre flere platforme til træning af flere dyr samtidigt.
Introduction
Pavlovian konditionering af sub-sekund sammenhæng mellem stimuli for at fremkalde et betinget svar har længe været brugt til at undersøge cerebellær-afhængig læring. For eksempel lærer dyr i klassisk forsinkelsesøjenblinkkonditionering (DEC) at lave et veltimet beskyttelsesblink som reaktion på en neutral betinget stimulus (CS; f.eks. Et lysglimt eller auditiv tone), når det parres gentagne gange med en ubetinget stimulus (USA; f.eks. Et pust af luft påført hornhinden), som altid fremkalder et refleksblink, og som kommer ved eller nær slutningen af CS. Det lærte respons kaldes et betinget respons (CR), mens refleksresponsen kaldes det ubetingede respons (UR). Hos kaniner forstyrrer cerebellum-specifikke læsioner denne form for læring 1,2,3,4. Endvidere giver Purkinje-cellekompleksspidser, drevet af deres klatrefiberindgange5, et nødvendigt 6,7 og tilstrækkeligt 8,9 signal til erhvervelse af korrekt timede KR’er.
For nylig er klatring af fiberafhængige associative læringsparadigmer blevet udviklet til hovedfaste mus. DEC var det første associative læringsparadigme, der blev tilpasset denne konfiguration10,11. DEC i hovedfiknede mus er blevet brugt til at identificere cerebellære regioner 11,12,13,14,15,16,17 og kredsløbselementer 11,1 2,13,14,15,18,19 der er nødvendige for opgaveerhvervelse og udryddelse. Denne tilgang er også blevet brugt til at demonstrere, hvordan den fysiologiske repræsentation af opgaveparametre på celleniveau udvikler sig med læring 13,15,16.
Ud over eyeblink blev det forsinkede forskrækkelsestaktile konditioneringsparadigme (DTSC) for nylig udviklet som en ny associativ læringsopgave for hovedfikerede mus20. Konceptuelt ligner DEC, DTSC involverer præsentationen af en neutral CS med en US, et tryk på ansigtet, der er tilstrækkeligt i intensitet til at engagere enforskrækkelsesrefleks 21,22 som UR. I DTSC-paradigmet læses både UR og CR ud som baglæns bevægelse på et hjul. DTSC er nu blevet brugt til at afdække, hvordan associativ læring ændrer cerebellær aktivitet og mønstre af genekspression20.
I dette arbejde blev der udviklet en metode til fleksibel anvendelse af DEC eller DTSC i en enkelt platform. Stimulus- og platformsattributterne er skematiseret i figur 1. Designet indeholder evnen til at spore dyreadfærd med et kamera samt en roterende encoder til at spore musens bevægelse på et hjul. Alle aspekter af datalogning og prøvestruktur styres af parrede mikrocontrollere (Arduino) og en single-board computer (SBC; Hindbær Pi). Disse enheder kan tilgås via en medfølgende grafisk brugergrænseflade. Her præsenterer vi en arbejdsgang til opsætning, forberedelse og udførelse af eksperimenter og en tilpasset analysepipeline til datavisualisering.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Platformen med tilhørende protokoller, der er skitseret her, kan bruges til pålideligt at spore dyreadfærd i to sensoriske associative læringsopgaver. Hver opgave afhænger af intakt kommunikation gennem klatrefiberbanen. I det design, der er beskrevet her, inkorporerer vi elementer for at lette læring og optagelse / forstyrrelse af cerebellær respons. Disse omfatter et hjul, der giver mulighed for fri bevægelse 11,18 samt hovedfiksering. Hjulet gør det m…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Dette arbejde støttes af tilskud fra National Institutes of Mental Health NRSA F32 MH120887-03 (til G.J.B.) og R01 NS045193 og R01 MH115750 (til S.S-H.W.). Vi takker Dr. Bas Koekkoek og Henk-Jan Boele for nyttige diskussioner til optimering af DEC-opsætningen og Dr. Yue Wang og Xiaoying Chen for nyttige diskussioner til optimering af DTSC-opsætningen.
Materials
| "B" Quick Base For C&B METABOND – 10 mL bottle | Parkell | S398 | Dental cement solvent |
| "C" Universal TBB Catalyst – 0.7 mL | Parkell | S371 | Catalyst |
| #8 Washers | Thorlabs | W8S038 | Washers |
| 0.250" (1/4") x 8.00" Stainless Steel Precision Shafting | Servocity | 634172 | 1/4" shaft |
| 0.250” (0.770") Clamping Hub | Servocity | 545588 | Clamping hub |
| 1/4" to 6 mm Set Screw Shaft Coupler- 5 pack | Actobotics | 625106 | Shaft-coupling sleeve |
| 1/4"-20 Cap Screws, 3/4" Long | Thorlabs | SH25S075 | 1/4" bolt |
| 100 pcs 5 mm 395–400 nm UV Ultraviolet LED Light Emitting Diode Clear Round Lens 29 mm Long Lead (DC 3V) LEDs Lights +100 pcs Resistors | EDGELEC | ED_YT05_U_100Pcs | CS LEDs |
| 2 m Micro HDMI to DVI-D Cable – M/M – 2 m Micro HDMI to DVI Cable – 19 pin HDMI (D) Male to DVI-D Male – 1920 x 1200 Video | Star-tech | HDDDVIMM2M | Raspberry Pi4B to monitor cable |
| 256 GB Ultra Fit USB 3.1 Flash Drive | SanDisk | SDCZ430-256G-G46 | USB thumb drive |
| 3.3 V–5 V 4 Channels Logic Level Converter Bi-Directional Shifter Module | Amazon | B00ZC6B8VM | Logic level shifter |
| 32 GB 95 MB/s (U1) microSDHC EVO Select Memory Card | Samsung | MB-ME32GA/AM | microSD card |
| 4.50" Aluminum Channel | Servocity | 585444 | 4.5" aluminum channel |
| 48-LED CCTV Ir Infrared Night Vision Illuminator | Towallmark | SODIAL | Infrared light array |
| 4PCS Breadboards Kit Include 2PCS 830 Point 2PCS 400 Point Solderless Breadboards for Proto Shield Distribution Connecting Blocks | REXQualis | B07DL13RZH | Breadboard |
| 5 Port Gigabit Unmanaged Ethernet Network Switch | TP-Link | TL-SG105 | Ethernet switch |
| 5 V 2.5 A Raspberry Pi 3 B+ Power Supply/Adapter | Canakit | DCAR-RSP-2A5 | Power supply for Raspberry Pi 3B+ |
| 5-0 ETHILON BLACK 1 x 18" C-3 | Ethicon | 668G | Sutures |
| 6 mm Shaft Encoder 2000 PPR Pushpull Line Driver Universal Output Line Driver Output 5-26 V dc Supply | Calt | B01EWER68I | Rotary encoder |
| Ø1/2" Optical Post, SS, 8-32 Setscrew, 1/4"-20 Tap, L = 1", 5 Pack | Thorlabs | TR1-P5 | Optical posts |
| Ø1/2" Optical Post, SS, 8-32 Setscrew, 1/4"-20 Tap, L = 2", 5 Pack | Thorlabs | TR2-P5 | Optical posts |
| Ø1/2" Optical Post, SS, 8-32 Setscrew, 1/4"-20 Tap, L = 4", 5 Pack | Thorlabs | TR4-P5 | Optical posts |
| Ø1/2" Optical Post, SS, 8-32 Setscrew, 1/4"-20 Tap, L = 6", 5 Pack | Thorlabs | TR6-P5 | Optical posts |
| Ø1/2" Post Holder, Spring-Loaded Hex-Locking Thumbscrew, L = 2" | Thorlabs | PH2 | Optical post holder |
| Adapter-062-M X LUER LOCK-F | The Lee Co. | TMRA3201950Z | Solenoid valve luer adapter |
| Aeromat Foam Roller Size: 36" Length | Aeromat | B002H3CMUE | Foam roller |
| Aluminum Breadboard 10" x 12" x 1/2", 1/4"-20 Taps | Thorlabs | MB1012 | Aluminum breadboard |
| Amazon Basics HDMI to DVI Adapter Cable, Black, 6 Feet, 1-Pack | Amazon | HL-007347 | Raspberry Pi3B+ to monitor cable |
| Arduino Uno R3 | Arduino | A000066 | Arduino Uno (microcontroller board) |
| Arduino Due | Arduino | A000062 | Arduino Due (microcontroller board) |
| Bench Power Supply, Single, Adjustable, 3 Output, 0 V, 24 V, 0 A, 2 A | Tenma | 72-8335A | Power supply |
| Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic Sheet, 12" x 24" x 1/8" | McMaster Carr | 8560K257 | Acrylic sheet |
| CNC Stepper Motor Driver 1.0–4.2 A 20–50 V DC 1/128 Micro-Step Resolutions for Nema 17 and 23 Stepper Motor | Stepper Online | B06Y5VPSFN | Stepper motor driver |
| Compact Compressed Air Regulator, Inline Relieving, Brass Housing, 1/4 NPT | McMaster Carr | 6763K13 | Air source regulator |
| Cotton Swab | Puritan | 806-WC | Cotton swab |
| Dell 1908FP 19" Flat Panel Monitor – 1908FPC | Dell | 1908FPC | Computer monitor |
| Flex Cable for Raspberry Pi Camera | Adafruit | 2144 | camera serial interface cable |
| High Torque Nema 17 Bipolar Stepper Motor 92 oz·in/65 N·cm 2.1 A Extruder Motor | Stepper Online | 17HS24-2104S | Stepper motor |
| Isoflurane | Henry Schein | 66794001725 | Isoflurane |
| Krazy Maximum Bond Permanent Glue, 0.18 oz. | Krazy Glue | KG483 | Cyanoacrylate glue |
| Lidocaine HCl | VetOne | 510212 | Lidocaine |
| Low-Strength Steel Hex Nut, Grade 2, Zinc-Plated, 1/4"-20 Thread Size | McMaster Carr | 90473A029 | Nuts |
| M3 x 50 mm Partially Threaded Hex Key Socket Cap Head Screws 10 pcs | Uxcell | A16040100ux1380 | M3 bolt |
| NEMA 17 Stepper Motor Mount | ACTOBOTICS | 555152 | Stepper motor mount |
| Official Raspberry Pi Power Supply 5.1 V 3 A with USB C – 1.5 m long | Adafruit | 4298 | Power supply for Raspberry Pi 4B |
| Optixcare Dog & Cat Eye Lube Lubricating Gel, 0.70-oz tube | Optixcare | 142422 | Opthalimic ointment |
| Precision Stainless Steel Ball Bearing, Shielded, Trade No. R188-2Z, 13000 rpm Maximum Speed | McMaster-Carr | 3759T57 | Bearing |
| Premium Female/Female Jumper Wires – 40 x 6" | Adafruit | 266 | Wires |
| Premium Female/Male 'Extension' Jumper Wires – 40 x 6" (150 mm) | Adafruit | 826 | Wires |
| Premium Male/Male Jumper Wires – 40 x 6" | Adafruit | 758 | Wires |
| Radiopaque L-Powder for C&B METABOND – 5 g | Parkell | S396 | Dental cement powder |
| Raspberry Pi (3B+ or 4B) | Adafruit | 3775 or 4295 | Raspberry Pi |
| Raspberry Pi NoIR Camera Module V2 – 8MP 1080P30 | Raspberry Pi Foundation | RPI3-NOIR-V2 | Raspberry NoIR V2 camera |
| Right-Angle Bracket, 1/4" (M6) Counterbored Slot, 8-32 Taps | Thorlabs | AB90E | Right-angle bracket |
| Right-Angle Clamp for Ø1/2" Posts, 3/16" Hex | Thorlabs | RA90 | Right-angle optical post clamp |
| Right-Angle End Clamp for Ø1/2" Posts, 1/4"-20 Stud and 3/16" Hex | Thorlabs | RA180 | Right-angle end clamp |
| RJ45 Cat-6 Ethernet Patch Internet Cable | Amazon | CAT6-7FT-5P-BLUE | Ethernet cable |
| Rotating Clamp for Ø1/2" Posts, 360° Continuously Adjustable, 3/16" Hex | Thorlabs | SWC | Rotating optical post clamps |
| Spike & Hold Driver-0.1 TO 5 MS | The Lee Co. | IECX0501350A | Solenoid valve driver |
| Swivel Base Adapter | Thorlabs | UPHA | Post holder adapter |
| USB 2.0 A-Male to Micro B Cable, 6 feet | Amazon | 7T9MV4 | USB2 type A to USB2 micro cable |
| USB 2.0 Printer Cable – A-Male to B-Male, 6 Feet (1.8 m) | Amazon | B072L34SZS | USB2 type B to USB2 type A cable |
| VHS-M/SP-12 V | The Lee Co. | INKX0514900A | Solenoid valve |
| Zinc-Plated Steel 1/4" washer, OD 1.000" | McMaster Carr | 91090A108 | Washers |
References
- McCormick, D. A., Lavond, D. G., Clark, G. A., Kettner, R. E., Rising, C. E., Thompson, R. F. The engram found? Role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of nictitating membrane and eyelid responses. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 18 (3), 103-105 (1981).
- McCormick, D. A., Clark, G. A., Lavond, D. G., Thompson, R. F. Initial localization of the memory trace for a basic form of learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (8), 2731-2735 (1982).
- McCormick, D. A., Thompson, R. F. Cerebellum: essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response. Science. 223 (4633), 296-299 (1984).
- Krupa, D. J., Thompson, J. K., Thompson, R. F. Localization of a memory trace in the mammalian brain. Science. 260 (5110), 989-991 (1993).
- Llinás, R., Sugimori, M. Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices. The Journal of Physiology. 305, 197-213 (1980).
- Mintz, M., Lavond, D. G., Zhang, A. A., Yun, Y., Thompson, R. F. Unilateral inferior olive NMDA lesion leads to unilateral deficit in acquisition and retention of eyelid classical conditioning. Behavioral and Neural Biology. 61 (3), 218-224 (1994).
- Welsh, J. P., Harvey, J. A. Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of the conditioned and unconditioned response. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 9 (1), 299-311 (1989).
- Mauk, M. D., Steinmetz, J. E., Thompson, R. F. Classical conditioning using stimulation of the inferior olive as the unconditioned stimulus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (14), 5349-5353 (1986).
- Steinmetz, J. E., Lavond, D. G., Thompson, R. F. Classical conditioning in rabbits using pontine nucleus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus and inferior olive stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus. Synapse. 3 (3), 225-233 (1989).
- Chettih, S. N., McDougle, S. D., Ruffolo, L. I., Medina, J. F. Adaptive timing of motor output in the mouse: The role of movement oscillations in eyelid conditioning. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 5, 72 (2011).
- Heiney, S. A., Wohl, M. P., Chettih, S. N., Ruffolo, L. I., Medina, J. F. Cerebellar-dependent expression of motor learning during eyeblink conditioning in head-fixed mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (45), 14845-14853 (2014).
- Heiney, S. A., Kim, J., Augustine, G. J., Medina, J. F. Precise control of movement kinematics by optogenetic inhibition of purkinje cell activity. Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (6), 2321-2330 (2014).
- Ten Brinke, M. M., et al. Evolving models of pavlovian conditioning: Cerebellar cortical dynamics in awake behaving mice. Cell Reports. 13 (9), 1977-1988 (2015).
- Gao, Z., et al. Excitatory cerebellar nucleocortical circuit provides internal amplification during associative conditioning. Neuron. 89 (3), 645-657 (2016).
- Giovannucci, A., et al. Cerebellar granule cells acquire a widespread predictive feedback signal during motor learning. Nature Neuroscience. 20 (5), 727-734 (2017).
- Ten Brinke, M. M., et al. Dynamic modulation of activity in cerebellar nuclei neurons during pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in mice. eLife. 6, 28132 (2017).
- Wang, X., Yu, S., Ren, Z., De Zeeuw, C. I., Gao, Z. A FN-MdV pathway and its role in cerebellar multimodular control of sensorimotor behavior. Nature Communications. 11 (1), 6050 (2020).
- Albergaria, C., Silva, N. T., Pritchett, D. L., Carey, M. R. Locomotor activity modulates associative learning in mouse cerebellum. Nature Neuroscience. 21 (5), 725-735 (2018).
- Kim, O. A., Ohmae, S., Medina, J. F. A cerebello-olivary signal for negative prediction error is sufficient to cause extinction of associative motor learning. Nature Neuroscience. 23 (12), 1550-1554 (2020).
- Yamada, T., et al. Sensory experience remodels genome architecture in neural circuit to drive motor learning. Nature. 569 (7758), 708-713 (2019).
- Horlington, M. Startle response circadian rhythm in rats: lack of correlation with motor activity. Physiology & Behavior. 5 (1), 49-53 (1970).
- Yeomans, J. S., Li, L., Scott, B. W., Frankland, P. W. Tactile, acoustic and vestibular systems sum to elicit the startle reflex. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 26 (1), 1-11 (2002).
- . Raspberry Pi Operating system images Available from: https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operationg-systems/ (2021)
- . VNC Server. VNC® Connect Available from: https://www.realvnc.com/en/connect/download/vnc/ (2021)
- . Anaconda: The world’s most popular data science platform Available from: https://xddebuganaconda.xdlab.co/ (2021)
- De Zeeuw, C. I., Ten Brinke, M. M. Motor learning and the cerebellum. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (9), 021683 (2015).
- Badura, A., et al. Normal cognitive and social development require posterior cerebellar activity. eLife. 7, 36401 (2018).
- Koekkoek, S. K. E., Den Ouden, W. L., Perry, G., Highstein, S. M., De Zeeuw, C. I. Monitoring kinetic and frequency-domain properties of eyelid responses in mice with magnetic distance measurement technique. Journal of Neurophysiology. 88 (4), 2124-2133 (2002).
- Kloth, A. D., et al. Cerebellar associative sensory learning defects in five mouse autism models. eLife. 4, 06085 (2015).
- Boele, H. -. J., Koekkoek, S. K. E., De Zeeuw, C. I. Cerebellar and extracerebellar involvement in mouse eyeblink conditioning: the ACDC model. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 3, (2010).
- Lin, C., Disterhoft, J., Weiss, C. Whisker-signaled eyeblink classical conditioning in head-fixed Mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (109), e53310 (2016).
- Pereira, T. D., et al. Fast animal pose estimation using deep neural networks. Nature Methods. 16 (1), 117-125 (2019).
- Mathis, A., et al. DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning. Nature Neuroscience. 21 (9), 1281-1289 (2018).
