3.4:
Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption
Absorption of an orally administered drug is influenced by various factors.
Weakly acidic drugs are more likely to be absorbed from the stomach, where they are predominantly nonionized.
In comparison, absorption from the upper intestine, which contains ionized drugs, may be low.
In reality, the stomach's mucous layer makes diffusion difficult. It's smaller surface area compared to the intestine further reduces the rate of absorption from the stomach.
The intestinal villi provide a larger surface area, which coupled with a higher blood flow, leads to higher drug absorption.
If food is in the stomach, drugs may be poorly absorbed as they form complexes with food constituents.
Food also delays gastric emptying, that is, the movement of drugs into the small intestine, which slows down intestinal absorption.
Rapid movement of the gut contents during diarrhea further slows down drug absorption.
Also, the gut epithelium comprised of the P-glycoprotein transporters often pumps the drugs back into the gut lumen. This reduces drug absorption into the blood.
3.4:
Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption
The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
In contrast, the intestinal villi offer a much larger surface area for absorption, which, combined with high blood flow, makes the intestine a prime site for drug absorption. Furthermore, food in the stomach can interfere with absorption, where drugs can form complexes with food constituents. Additionally, food can delay gastric emptying, or the movement of drugs into the small intestine, further slowing down absorption. Certain physiological conditions, such as diarrhea, can also impact drug absorption by accelerating the movement of gut contents. Lastly, the gut epithelium, which contains P-glycoprotein transporters, can pump drugs back into the gut lumen, reducing their absorption into the blood.