小鼠胎儿超声心动图
Summary
学习时，胎儿和围产期死亡的共同特点是影响心脏发育的基因的改变。高频超声成像已经提高了2-D分辨率，可以提供优秀的信息对早期心脏发育是一个理想的方法来检测心脏结构和功能的影响，在死亡前。
Abstract
转基因小鼠显示心脏的发育和功能的异常，正常心血管功能和人体心血管疾病的病理生理基础的分子机制的理解一个强大的工具。胎儿和围产期死亡是一个共同的特点，在研究基因的改变影响心脏发育1-3。为了研究遗传或药物的变化，在发展的初期心功能的作用，早期识别异常和纵向后续的活胎儿的超声成像已经成为一个重要的工具。无创性的超声显像是一种理想的方法，用于检测和研究先天畸形和心功能的影响之前，死亡4。它允许在客厅胎儿的异常和疾病的进展可以跟在子宫内的纵向研究5,6的早期识别。直到最近，成像胎鼠心脏经常涉及侵入性的方法。胎儿必须进行磁共振显微镜和电子显微镜或透射镜手术交付的牺牲。高频探头与传统2-D和脉冲多普勒成像中的应用已被证明在胚胎发育过程中提供测量心脏收缩和心脏率与数据库的正常发育变化，现已6-10。 M模式成像进一步提供重要的功能的数据，虽然，往往很难获得适当的成像平面。高频超声成像对胎儿已提高了2-D分辨率，心脏结构11的早期发展，并能提供优秀的信息。
Protocol
1。准备成像的小鼠在此之前的影像学研究，麻醉诱导室大坝（2-3％异氟醚）。将动物的感应室，并立即将口鼻部连接的麻醉系统内的鼻锥。电推剪，删除皮草从中期胸部下肢（参见图1）。取出剩余的体毛，脱毛霜。脱毛霜也可用于无电推剪，应彻底洗掉后皮肤使用，以防止刺激。 将麻醉小鼠在仰卧位嵌入式心电图上的一个加热垫，导致以保持身体的温度（ 图1?…
Discussion
进行串行测量和检测突变的胎儿心脏缺陷的能力，突出的实用性超声心动图研究正常和不正常的心血管疾病的发展。 体内的心脏结构和功能的分析已成为胎儿的正常发育遗传和非遗传修饰的描述中不可或缺的一部分。 2D制导多普勒的可用性使得它可以监测心脏率和血流模式的同时，获得实时图像。发展可能存在心脏畸形，如室间隔缺损和检测。尽管当前的成像平台的高分辨率能力，收购高…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
GHK由NIH / NHLBI K08-HL098565和研究所在芝加哥大学心血管研究的支持。在芝加哥大学实验动物护理和使用委员会批准的所有描述的实验方法。
Materials
| Vevo 770 Imaging System | VisualSonics | (Toronto, Canada) | |
| RMV707B.15-45 MHz transducer | |||
| Tec 3 Isoflurane Vaporizer | |||
| Isoflurane (2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoro-ethane) |
Riferimenti
- Wessels, A., Sedmera, D. Developmental anatomy of the heart: a tale of mice and man. Physiol. Genomics. 15, 165 (2003).
- Snider, P., Conway, S. J. Probing human cardiovascular congenital disease using transgenic mouse models. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 100, 83 (2011).
- Clark, K. L., Yutzey, K. E., Benson, D. W. Transcription factors and congenital heart defects. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 68, 97 (2006).
- Leatherbury, L., Yu, Q., Lo, C. W. Noninvasive phenotypic analysis of cardiovascular structure and function in fetal mice using ultrasound. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 69, 83 (2003).
- Spurney, C. F., Lo, C. W., Leatherbury, L. Fetal mouse imaging using echocardiography: a review of current technology. Echocardiography. 23, 891 (2006).
- Spurney, C. F., Leatherbury, L., Lo, C. W. High-frequency ultrasound database profiling growth, development, and cardiovascular function in C57BL/6J mouse fetuses. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 17, 893 (2004).
- Shen, Y., et al. Cardiovascular phenotyping of fetal mice by noninvasive high-frequency ultrasound facilitates recovery of ENU-induced mutations causing congenital cardiac and extracardiac defects. Physiol. Genomics. 24, 23 (2005).
- Yu, Q., Leatherbury, L., Tian, X., Lo, C. W. Cardiovascular assessment of fetal mice by in utero echocardiography. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 34, 741 (2008).
- Linask, K. K., Huhta, J. C. Use of Doppler echocardiography to monitor embryonic mouse heart function. Methods Mol. Biol. 135, 245 (2000).
- Hinton, R. B., et al. Mouse heart valve structure and function: echocardiographic and morphometric analyses from the fetus through the aged adult. Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol. 294, H2480 (2008).
- Gui, Y. H., Linask, K. K., Khowsathit, P., Huhta, J. C. Doppler echocardiography of normal and abnormal embryonic mouse heart. Pediatr. Res. 40, 633 (1996).
- Purssell, E., et al. Noninvasive high-resolution ultrasound reveals structural and functional deficits in dimethadione-exposed fetal rat hearts in utero. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. , (2011).
- Le, V. P., Kovacs, A., Wagenseil, J. E. Measuring Left Ventricular Pressure in Late Embryonic and Neonatal Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (60), e3756 (2012).
- Ji, R. P., Phoon, C. K. Noninvasive localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1-/- mouse embryos by ultrasound biomicroscopy-Doppler allows genotype-phenotype correlation. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 18, 1415 (2005).
- Kim, G. H., Samant, S. A., Earley, J. U., Svensson, E. C. Translational control of FOG-2 expression in cardiomyocytes by microRNA-130a. PLoS One. 4, e6161 (2009).
- Momoi, N., et al. Modest maternal caffeine exposure affects developing embryonic cardiovascular function and growth. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 294, H2248 (2008).
- Tobita, K., Liu, X., Lo, C. W. Imaging modalities to assess structural birth defects in mutant mouse models. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today. 90, 176 (2010).
Tags
Murine Fetal EchocardiographyTransgenic MiceCardiac DevelopmentMolecular MechanismsCardiovascular FunctionHuman Cardiovascular DiseaseGenetic AlterationsPerinatal DeathUltrasound ImagingLive FetusAbnormalitiesLongitudinal Follow-upNoninvasive Ultrasound ImagingCongenital MalformationsImpact On Cardiac FunctionLongitudinal StudiesMagnetic Resonance MicroscopyElectron MicroscopyTransillumination MicroscopyHigh-frequency Probes2-D ImagingPulsed-wave Doppler ImagingCardiac ContractionHeart Rates
Citazione di questo articolo
Kim, G. H. Murine Fetal Echocardiography. J. Vis. Exp. (72), e4416, doi:10.3791/4416 (2013).