마우스 골격근에있는 검색, 탐지 DNA 손상 분석<em> 현장에서</em> TUNEL 방법을 사용하여
Summary
This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method for semi-automated analysis of TUNEL labeling.
Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently attach a tagged form of dUTP to 3’ ends of double- and single-stranded DNA breaks in cells. It is a reliable and useful method to detect DNA damage and cell death in situ. This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method of semi-automated TUNEL signal quantitation. Inherent normal tissue features and tissue processing conditions affect the ability of the TdT enzyme to efficiently label DNA. Tissue processing may also add undesirable autofluorescence that will interfere with TUNEL signal detection. Therefore, it is important to empirically determine tissue processing and TUNEL labeling methods that will yield the optimal signal-to-noise ratio for subsequent quantitation. The fluorescence-based assay described here provides a way to exclude autofluorescent signal by digital channel subtraction. The TUNEL assay, used with appropriate tissue processing techniques and controls, is a relatively fast, reproducible, quantitative method for detecting apoptosis in tissue. It can be used to confirm DNA damage and apoptosis as pathological mechanisms, to identify affected cell types, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in vivo.
Introduction
터미널 데 옥시 뉴 클레오 타이 딜 트랜스퍼 TDT () 된 dUTP 닉 엔드 라벨 (TUNEL)이 dUTP를 3를 연결합니다 가열 치사 효소를 사용하는 과정은 '단일 및 이중 가닥 DNA가 12, 23 나누기 끝입니다. 세포 사멸 및 DNA 손상의 검출을위한 TUNEL 방법은 첫째 Gavrieli 등. 1,12,24 20 년 전에보고되었다. 그것은 이후 평가와 다른 조직 준비 7,23,27,40에 최적화되었습니다. TUNEL 뉴런 6,14,29 및 43, 44 심근 허혈에 의한 세포 죽음, 흥분성 신경 세포 사멸 (30, 31)을 연구하는 데 사용하고, 관절염 치료 (39)의 바이오 마커로하고있다. 또한, 다양한 인간 암에서 2,3,15,32,37,38,42 예후 인자 및 종양 세포 마커로 사용되었다.
다른 방법은 DNA 손상 및 세포 사멸 검출을 위해 존재하지만, 그들은 기술적 인 문제와주의 사항이 있습니다. 서던 블랏 quantif하는데 사용될 수있다Y DNA 전체 조직 해물 7,9-11 손상,하지만이 방법은 세포 수준의 해상도를 제공하고 정량화하기 어려운되지 않습니다. 혜성 분석은 세포 4,20,28,36에서 보존 핵을 추출 필요로하는 다른 셀 기반 방법입니다. 혜성 분석법 격리 배양 세포에서 잘 작동하지만, 골격근 조직 8,21에서 그대로 핵을 제조하는 것이 훨씬 더 곤란하다. 서던 블랏과 마찬가지로 혜성 분석은 전체의 근육 조직 파쇄 액으로부터 세포 유형 특정 정보를 제공하지 않는다. TUNEL 방법에 대한 또 다른 대안은 단일 가닥 DNA 25,33,41에 대해 또는 DNA 손상 반응과 세포 사멸 경로에 (예를 들어 p53을, H2AX, 그리고 카스파) 13,17,22,40 참여 단백질에 대한 항체를 사용하여 면역 조직 화학이다. 이러한 항체 – 기반 방법은 높은 신호 대 백그라운드 비율을 수득 항체의 철저한 특성이 우수한 항체 특이성을 필요로한다. 경우에도 사양IFIC 항체들은 항원 검색 절차 (34, 35)을 통해 목적 단백질의 변성을 요구할 수있는. 우리가 여기에서 토론 할 때, 허용 할 수 없을 정도로 높은자가 형광의 근육 조직 결과에 항원 검색. 다른 방법과 달리, TUNEL 간단 양성 및 음성 대조군, 우수한 조직 침투 항원 검색을 필요로하지 않으며, 세포 수준의 해상도로 테스트 될 수있는 높은 신호, 낮은 백그라운드, 우수한 특이성 DNA 손상 검출을 달성한다. 다른 방법은 전형적으로 밤새 항온 처리를 요구하는 반면, 또한, TUNEL 방법은 완료하는 데 약 4 시간이 걸린다.
우리는 리튬 – Hsieh의 동료 (16)에 의해 생성 된 척수 근위축증 (SMA) (10)의 마우스 모델에서 골격근 세포 사멸 연구. 근육 세포 사멸을 정량화하기 위해, 우리는 다른 skele 걸쳐 견고 작동 티슈 제조, 염색 및 정량하는 방법을 개발했다마우스에서 발달 상이한 시점에서 탈 근육 그룹. 우리는 시중에서 판매하는 TUNEL 라벨링 키트 및 상용 이미지 분석 소프트웨어를 사용합니다. 우리는 또한 성공적으로 척수 (10)에 면역 형광 염색법과 함께 TUNEL 분석을 사용했다.
여기에 설명 된 방법은 골격 근육에서 조직 병리, 질병의 메커니즘, 노화의 메커니즘과 발달 (사전 및 산후) 세포 사멸을 평가하려는 연구자 유용합니다. TUNEL 기술은 세포의 서브 세트 만이 영향을 세포 수준의 해상도가 필요하다 모델 시스템에서의 DNA 손상과 수리 및 세포 사멸 연구에 특히 유용하다.
이 동영상은 해부, 조직 처리, 절편, 마우스 골격 근육의 형광 기반의 TUNEL 라벨을 설명합니다. 또한 반자동 TUNEL 신호 정량 방법을 설명한다.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
방법은 감지하고 정량적으로 설명 마우스 골격 근육에서 DNA 손상 관련 세포 사멸을 분석합니다. 절차는 조직 수확, TUNEL 염색, 디지털 이미지 수집 및 이미지 분석을 포함한다. 일반적인 조직 학적 용품 및 도구가 필요하고, 특수 TUNEL 상업용 키트가 필요하다. 필요한 필수적인 큰 장비 항목은 저온 유지 장치, 디지털 영상 능력 epifluorescent 현미경 및 이미지 분석을위한 컴퓨터 시스템이다.
<p class…Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH-NINDS grant RO1-NS065895 and NIH-NINDS grant 5-F31-NS076250-02.
We thank JHU SOM Microscope Facility for the use of the cryostat.
Materials
| Name of Reagent/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| 4% Paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 19202 | For procedures described here, 4% solution was prepared fresh from powder. Paraformaldehyde from any supplier may be used. Prepared formaldehyde solution should be stored at 4 °C and should not be used after its expiration date (up to several months). Paraformaldehyde is a carcinogen and a toxin by inhalation and skin contact. Please follow precautions specified in the MSDS when handling paraformaldehyde. |
| Sucrose | Sigma | S0389 | Used for cryoprotecting tissue before freezing. Sucrose from any supplier may be used. |
| O.C.T. compound | Tissue-Tek | 4583 | Embedding medium for cryosectioning. |
| Cryostat | Leica | CM 3050S | A Leica CM3050S cryostat was used for the preparations described here. Any cryostat capable of cutting 10 μm sections may be used. |
| Glass slides, 25 x 75 x 1 mm | Fisher | 12-552-3 | Slides from any supplier may be used. |
| Gelatin | Sigma | G-9391 | Gelatin is used to promote tissue section adhesion to glass slides. To coat glass slides with gelatin, dissolve 2.75 g gelatin and 0.275 g chrome alum in 500 mL distilled water, warm to 60 °C, dip slides for several seconds, and let dry. Gelatin from any supplier may be used. Alternatively, gelatin-precoated slides may be purchased. |
| Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate (chrome alum) | Sigma | 243361 | Chrome alum is added to gelatin solution to promote tissue adhesion on glass slides. It is a possible carcinogen and a toxin by inhalation and skin contact. Please follow precautions specified in the MSDS when handling chrome alum. |
| Vectabond tissue adhesion reagent | Vector Labs | SP-1800 | Optional substrate for better tissue adhesion to glass slides; gellatin-coated slides may be used instead. |
| Tween20 | Sigma | P9416 | A detergent used to permeabilize tissue. Tween20 from any supplier may be used. |
| Triton X100 | Sigma | T8787 | A detergent used to permeabilize tissue. Triton X100 from any supplier may be used. |
| TACS 2 TdT fluorescein in situ apoptosis detection kit | Trevigen | 4812-30-K | Commercial kit for fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling. |
| DNase/nuclease | Trevigen | 4812-30-K | (included with kit) |
| DNase/nuclease buffer | Trevigen | 4812-30-K | (included with kit) |
| 10x phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 | Amresco | 780 | Make 1x PBS for washes and dilutions. PBS from any supplier may be used. |
| DNase-free water | Quality Biologicals | 351-029-131 | Water from any supplier may be used. |
| Hoechst 33258 | Sigma | 94403 | Nuclear dye. Any blue fluorescent nuclear dye may be used. As a DNA-binding dye, Hoechst is a suspected carcinogen and should be handled with protective equipment to minimize skin contact. |
| Parafilm M | multiple | 807 | Any other hydrophobic film or cover slip may be used. Available from multiple suppliers. |
| Fluorescent microscope with digital camera | – | – | Any fluorescent microscope capable of digitally capturing red, green, and blue fluorescence in separate channels may be used. |
| Vectashield antifade media | Vector Labs | H-1000 | Antifade media from any supplier may be used. |
| glass coverslips, No.1 thickness | Brain Research Labs | 2222-1 | Cover slips from any supplier may be used. The smallest size of 22×22 mm is sufficient for neonatal mouse leg sections. |
| Nail polish | Ted Pella | 114-8 | Used to seal coverslips. Nail polish from any supplier (including regular retailers) may be used. Avoid using nail polish with color or additives that may reflect light during fluorescent imaging. |
Riferimenti
- Ansari, B., Coates, P. J., Greenstein, B. D., Hall, P. A. In situ end-labelling detects DNA strand breaks in apoptosis and other physiological and pathological states. 170 (1), 1-8 (1993).
- Ben-Izhak, O., Laster, Z., Akrish, S., Cohen, G., Nagler, R. M. TUNEL as a tumor marker of tongue cancer. Anticancer Res. 28 (5B), 2981-2986 (2008).
- Colecchia, M., et al. Detection of apoptosis by the TUNEL technique in clinically localised prostatic cancer before and after combined endocrine therapy. 50 (5), 384-388 (1997).
- Collins, A. R. The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations. Mol. Biotechnol. 26 (3), 249-261 (2004).
- Delaurier, A., et al. The Mouse Limb Anatomy Atlas: an interactive 3D tool for studying embryonic limb patterning. 8, 83 (2008).
- Torres, C., Munell, F., Ferrer, I., Reventos, J., Macaya, A. Identification of necrotic cell death by the TUNEL assay in the hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 230 (1), 1-4 (1997).
- Didenko, V. V. . In Situ Detection of DNA Damage : Methods and Protocols. , 978-970 (2002).
- Edelman, J. C., Edelman, P. M., Kniggee, K. M., Schwartz, I. L. Isolation of skeletal muscle nuclei. J. Cell Biol. 27 (2), 365-378 (1965).
- Facchinetti, A., Tessarollo, L., Mazzocchi, M., Kingston, R., Collavo, D., Biasi, G. An improved method for the detection of DNA fragmentation. J. Immunol. Methods. 136 (1), 125-131 (1991).
- Fayzullina, S., Martin, L. J. Skeletal muscle DNA damage precedes spinal motor neuron DNA damage in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). PLoS.One. 9 (3), e93329 (2014).
- Ferrer, I., et al. Naturally occurring cell death in the developing cerebral cortex of the rat. Evidence of apoptosis-associated internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Neurosci. Lett. 182 (1), 77-79 (1994).
- Gavrieli, Y., Sherman, Y., Ben-Sasson, S. A. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J. Cell Biol. 119 (3), 493-501 (1992).
- Gown, A. M., Willingham, M. C. Improved detection of apoptotic cells in archival paraffin sections: immunohistochemistry using antibodies to cleaved caspase 3. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 50 (4), 449-454 (2002).
- Hara, A., et al. Neuronal apoptosis studied by a sequential TUNEL technique: a method for tract-tracing. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 4 (2), 140-146 (1999).
- Harn, H. J., et al. Apoptosis occurs more frequently in intraductal carcinoma than in infiltrating duct carcinoma of human breast cancer and correlates with altered p53 expression: detected by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP-FITC nick end labelling (TUNEL). Histopathology. 31 (6), 534-539 (1997).
- Hsieh-Li, H. M., et al. A mouse model for spinal muscular atrophy. Nat. Genet. 24 (1), 66-70 (2000).
- Huerta, S., Goulet, E. J., Huerta-Yepez, S., Livingston, E. H. Screening and detection of apoptosis. J. Surg. Res. 139 (1), 143-156 (2007).
- Iwaki, T., Yamashita, H., Hayakawa, T. A color atlas of sectional anatomy of the mouse. 1, (2001).
- Kaufman, M. H. . The atlas of mouse development. , (1992).
- Koppen, G., Angelis, K. J. Repair of X-ray induced DNA damage measured by the comet assay in roots of Vicia faba. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 32 (2), 281-285 (1998).
- Kuehl, L. Isolation of skeletal muscle nuclei. Methods Cell Biol. 15, 79-88 (1977).
- Kuo, L. J., Yang, L. X. Gamma-H2AX – a novel biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks. In Vivo. 22 (3), 305-309 (2008).
- Labat-Moleur, F., et al. TUNEL apoptotic cell detection in tissue sections: critical evaluation and improvement. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46 (3), 327-334 (1998).
- Modak, S. P., Bollum, F. J. Detection and measurement of single-strand breaks in nuclear DNA in fixed lens sections. Exp. Cell Res. 75 (2), 307-313 (1972).
- Naruse, I., Keino, H., Kawarada, Y. Antibody against single-stranded DNA detects both programmed cell death and drug-induced apoptosis. Histochemistry. 101 (1), 73-78 (1994).
- . National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. , (2011).
- Negoescu, A., et al. In situ apoptotic cell labeling by the TUNEL method: improvement and evaluation on cell preparations). J. Histochem. Cytochem. 44 (9), 959-968 (1996).
- Ostling, O., Johanson, K. J. Microelectrophoretic study of radiation-induced DNA damages in individual mammalian cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 123 (1), 291-298 (1984).
- Phanithi, P. B., Yoshida, Y., Santana, A., Su, M., Kawamura, S., Yasui, N. Mild hypothermia mitigates post-ischemic neuronal death following focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain: immunohistochemical study of Fas, caspase-3 and TUNEL. Neuropathology. 20 (4), 273-282 (2000).
- Portera-Cailliau, C., Price, D. L., Martin, L. J. Excitotoxic neuronal death in the immature brain is an apoptosis-necrosis morphological continuum. J. Comp Neurol. 378 (1), 70-87 (1997).
- Portera-Cailliau, C., Price, D. L., Martin, L. J. Non-NMDA and NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic neuronal deaths in adult brain are morphologically distinct: further evidence for an apoptosis-necrosis continuum. J. Comp Neurol. 378 (1), 88-104 (1997).
- Ravi, D., Ramadas, K., Mathew, B. S., Nalinakumari, K. R., Nair, M. K., Pillai, M. R. De novo programmed cell death in oral cancer. Histopathology. 34 (3), 241-249 (1999).
- Sakaki, T., Kohmura, E., Kishiguchi, T., Yuguchi, T., Yamashita, T., Hayakawa, T. Loss and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in intracranial aneurysms. Studies with in situ DNA end labeling and antibody against single-stranded DNA. Acta Neurochir.(Wien). 139 (5), 469-474 (1997).
- Shi, S. R., Cote, R. J., Taylor, C. R. Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: past, present, and future. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 45 (3), 327-343 (1997).
- Shi, S. R., Imam, S. A., Young, L., Cote, R. J., Taylor, C. R. Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry under the influence of pH using monoclonal antibodies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43 (2), 193-201 (1995).
- Singh, N. P., McCoy, M. T., Tice, R. R., Schneider, E. L. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell Res. 175 (1), 184-191 (1988).
- Sirvent, J. J., Aguilar, M. C., Olona, M., Pelegri, A., Blazquez, S., Gutierrez, C. Prognostic value of apoptosis in breast cancer pT1-pT2). A TUNEL, p53, bcl-2, bag-1 and Bax immunohistochemical study. Histol.Histopathol. 19 (3), 759-770 (2004).
- Skyrlas, A., Hantschke, M., Passa, V., Gaitanis, G., Malamou-Mitsi, V., Bassukas, I. D. Expression of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Exp. Dermatol. 20 (8), 674-676 (2011).
- Smith, M. D., Weedon, H., Papangelis, V., Walker, J., Roberts-Thomson, P. J., Ahern, M. J. Apoptosis in the rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane: modulation by disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. Rheumatology.(Oxford). 49 (5), 862-875 (2010).
- Stadelmann, C., Lassmann, H. Detection of apoptosis in tissue sections). Cell Tissue Res. 301 (1), 19-31 (2000).
- Schans, G. P., van Loon, A. A., Groenendijk, R. H., Baan, R. A. Detection of DNA damage in cells exposed to ionizing radiation by use of anti-single-stranded DNA monoclonal antibody. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 55 (5), 747-760 (1989).
- Watanabe, I., et al. Detection of apoptotic cells in human colorectal cancer by two different in situ methods: antibody against single-stranded DNA and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) methods. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 90 (2), 188-193 (1999).
- Watanabe, T., et al. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is involved not only in apoptosis but also in non-apoptotic cardiomyocyte death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 333 (2), 562-567 (2005).
- Yaoita, H., Ogawa, K., Maehara, K., Maruyama, Y. Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by a caspase inhibitor. Circulation. 97 (3), 276-281 (1998).
