Summary

Presterende Subretinal Injecties in Knaagdieren om retinale pigment epitheel cellen leveren in Suspension

Published: January 23, 2015
doi:

Summary

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

Abstract

De omzetting van licht in elektrische impulsen optreedt in de buitenste retina en is grotendeels bereikt door staafjes en kegeltjes fotoreceptoren en retinale pigmentepitheel (RPE) cellen. RPE bieden kritische steun voor de fotoreceptoren en de dood of disfunctioneren van RPE cellen is kenmerkend voor leeftijdsgebonden maculaire degeneratie (AMD), de voornaamste oorzaak van permanent verlies van het gezichtsvermogen bij mensen van 55 jaar en ouder. Hoewel er geen remedie voor AMD is geïdentificeerd, kan implantatie van gezonde RPE in zieke ogen blijken een effectieve behandeling, en grote aantallen RPE cellen kunnen gemakkelijk worden gegenereerd uit pluripotente stamcellen. Verschillende interessante vragen over de veiligheid en werkzaamheid van RPE cellen levering kan nog worden onderzocht in diermodellen en goed aanvaarde protocollen gebruikt injecteren RPE ontwikkeld. De hier beschreven techniek is door meerdere groepen in diverse studies en omvat eerst een gat in het oog met een scherpe naald. Dan is een spuit met een blunt naald geladen met cellen wordt ingebracht door het gat en door het glasvocht, totdat deze net tegen de RPE. Met deze injectiemethode, die relatief eenvoudig en vereist minimale apparatuur, we consistente en efficiënte integratie van stamcellen afgeleide RPE cellen bereiken tussen de ontvangst RPE die aanzienlijke hoeveelheid fotoreceptor degeneratie voorkomt in dierlijke modellen. Hoewel geen onderdeel van de eigenlijke protocol, ook beschrijven hoe de omvang van het trauma veroorzaakt door de injectie en Controleren of de cellen werden geïnjecteerd in de subretinale ruimte met in vivo beeldvormende modaliteiten. Tenslotte wordt het gebruik van dit protocol niet beperkt tot RPE cellen; kan worden gebruikt om een ​​verbinding of cel in de subretinale ruimte te injecteren.

Introduction

The sensory retina is organized in functional tiers of neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Photoreceptors at the back of the retina are activated by light; through phototransduction they convert photons into electrical signals that are refined by interneurons and transmitted to the visual cortex in the brain. Phototransduction cannot occur without the coordinated efforts of Mueller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE are organized in a monolayer directly behind the photoreceptors and perform multiple and diverse functions integral to photoreceptor function and homeostasis. In fact, RPE and photoreceptors are so co-dependent that they are considered to be one functional unit. Death or dysfunction of RPE results in devastating secondary effects on photoreceptors and is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly1,2.

While no cure has been discovered for AMD, several clinical studies have shown that RPE cell replacement may be a promising therapeutic option3-13. With the advent of stem cell technology, it is now possible to generate large numbers of RPE cells in vitro from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hES and hiPS) that strongly resemble their somatic counterparts functionally and anatomically14-26. Stem cell-derived RPE have also been shown to function in vivo by multiple independent groups, including our own, to significantly slow retinal degeneration in rat and mouse lines with spontaneous retinal degeneration16,18,21,22,25,28,29. This combination of clinical and preclinical supporting evidence is so compelling that several clinical trials to prevent retinal degeneration using stem cell-derived RPE cells are now ongoing30,31.

RPE can be readily derived from hES and/or hiPS and implanted in the subretinal space of rodents using various derivation and injection techniques32,33. (See Westenskow et al. for a methods paper in multimedia format demonstrating the directed differentiation protocol we employ)34. There are critical remaining questions regarding the safety, survival, and functional capacity of exogenously delivered RPE cells upon implantation, therefore the ability to perform subretinal injections in rodents is a critical skill16,18,21,29,36,37. The delivery of RPE is not trivial, and the field is divided on the most effective injection technique. The protocol we describe here is a simple and effective way to deliver of bolus of RPE cells subretinally, and was used in the first clinical trial for stem cell-derived RPE transplantation31. (The reader may also refer to another JoVE article by Eberle et al. for an alternative depiction of subretinal injections in rodents.38)

The technique outlined in this manuscript cannot be visualized and trauma is unavoidable (as with any subretinal injection technique). It is performed by making a hole just under the limbus vessels and inserting a blunt needle along a transscleral route to inject a bolus of cells under the diametrically opposed retina. The person doing the injection will feel resistance as the blunt needle touches the retina. The cells may be directly visualized after the injection, however, and the degree of the induced retinal detachment can be determined by labeling the RPE cells with a transient fluorescent marker and detecting them with a confocal scanning ophthalmoscope (cSLO). An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system can also be used to monitor the trauma and easily identify the injection site.

Protocol

Opmerking: Alle dieren werden volgens de ethische richtlijnen die door de Scripps Research Institute behandeld. 1. Voorbereiding van Materialen voor de Injectie (~ 20 min) Voorverwarmen cel dissociatie oplossing (bij voorkeur een die wordt geïnactiveerd door verdunning niet met serum), steriel PBS, en kweekmedia (Tabel 1). Steriliseren van de spuit met een stompe naald door het demonteren en het koken van de onderdelen in wate…

Representative Results

We kunnen een opschorting van RPE cellen te leveren in de subretinale ruimte van knaagdieren snel en consistent gebruik van de in dit manuscript beschreven techniek. Terwijl het niet nodig is, kan trauma's sterk worden geminimaliseerd via het getoond met een micromanipulator in figuur 1A & B-setup. Houd het knaagdier zoals getoond in figuur 1C tijdelijke proptosis. De stappen zijn hetzelfde als uitgevoerd met de micromanipulator of met de hand; deze worden afgebeeld in de cartoo…

Discussion

In dit artikel beschrijven we een betrekkelijk eenvoudige werkwijze voor het uitvoeren subretinale injecties van RPE cellen in suspensie bij ratten en muizen. Het protocol is eenvoudig te leren en ervaring met de techniek zal vertalen in minder trauma (figuur 3; dit is een van de betere injecties), vooral een micromanipulator wordt gebruikt (figuur 1A). Elk trauma kan worden gevolgd in vivo met een cSLO en oktober (zie figuur 2), indien beschikbaar. Als afbeeld…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Alison Dorsey for helping to develop the subretinal injection technique. We also acknowledge the National Eye Institute (NEI grants EY11254 and EY021416), California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM grant TR1-01219), and the Lowy Medical Research Institute (LMRI) for very generous funding for this project.

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment (A-Z) Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM) Gibco  21985-023 50 mL x 1 
Cell Scapers VWR 89260-222 Case x 1
CellTracker Green CMFDA Molecular Probes C34552 50 ug x 20
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium Gibco 14190-144 500 mL x 1 
Fast Green Sigma-Aldrich F7258 25 g x 1 
Genteal Geldrops Moderate to Severe Lubricant Eye Drops  Walmart 4060941 25 mL x 1
Hamilton Model 62 RN SYR Hamilton 87942 Syringe x 1 
Hamilton Needle 33 gauge, 0.5", point 3 (304 stainless steel) Hamilton 7803-05 Needles x 6
Knockout DMEM Gibco 10829-018 500 mL x 1 
KnockOut Serum Replacement Gibco 10828-028 500 mL x 1 
L-Glutamine 200 mM Gibco 25030-081 100 mL x 1
Magnetic Stand Leica Biosystems 39430216 Stand x 1
MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution 100X  Gibco 11140-050 100 mL x 1
Micromanipulator Leica Biosystems 3943001 Manipulator x 1
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) Gibco 15140-122 100 mL x 1
Slip Tip Syringes without Needles BD  (3 mL)   VWR BD309656 Pack x 1
Specialty-Use Needles BD  (30 gauge, 1") VWR BD305128 Box x 1
TrypLE Express Enzyme (1X), no phenol red Gibco 12604013 100 mL x 1

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Citazione di questo articolo
Westenskow, P. D., Kurihara, T., Bravo, S., Feitelberg, D., Sedillo, Z. A., Aguilar, E., Friedlander, M. Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension. J. Vis. Exp. (95), e52247, doi:10.3791/52247 (2015).

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