Summary

Darstellende Subretinale Injektionen in Nagetiere zu retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen in Suspension liefern

Published: January 23, 2015
doi:

Summary

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

Abstract

Die Umwandlung von Licht in elektrische Impulse erfolgt in der äußeren Netzhaut und wird weitgehend von Stäbchen und Zapfen-Photorezeptoren und retinalen Pigmentepithel (RPE) Zellen durchgeführt. RPE liefern wichtige Unterstützung für Photorezeptoren und den Tod oder Dysfunktion der RPE-Zellen ist charakteristisch für die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration (AMD), die häufigste Ursache für dauerhafte Sehverlust bei Menschen im Alter von 55 und älter. Während keine Heilung für AMD identifiziert worden ist, kann die Implantation von gesunden RPE in erkrankten Augen sich als eine wirksame Behandlung sein, und eine große Zahl von RPE-Zellen können leicht aus pluripotenten Stammzellen erzeugt werden. Einige interessante Fragen hinsichtlich der Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit von RPE-Zell Lieferung noch in Tiermodellen untersucht werden, und gut anerkannten Protokollen zur RPE injizieren entwickelt. Die hier beschriebene Technik ist von mehreren Gruppen in verschiedenen Studien verwendet und beinhaltet zunächst ein Loch in das Auge mit einer spitzen Nadel schaffen. Dann wird eine Spritze mit einer Blunt Nadel mit Zellen beladen ist, durch das Loch eingeführt und geleitet durch den Glas bis es leicht berührt RPE. Mit dieser Einspritzverfahren, das relativ einfach und erfordert minimale Ausrüstung wir konsistente und effiziente Integration von Stammzellen abgeleiteten RPE Zellen zu erreichen zwischen dem Host RPE, die signifikante Menge an Photorezeptordegeneration verhindert in Tiermodellen. Obwohl nicht Teil der tatsächlichen Protokoll beschreiben wir auch, wie das Ausmaß des Traumas durch die Injektion und zum Überprüfen, ob die Zellen in den subretinalen Raum unter Verwendung von in vivo-Bildgebungsverfahren injiziert induziert wird. Schließlich wird die Verwendung dieses Protokoll nicht RPE Zellen begrenzt; es kann verwendet werden, um jede Verbindung oder Zelle in den subretinalen Raum zu injizieren.

Introduction

The sensory retina is organized in functional tiers of neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Photoreceptors at the back of the retina are activated by light; through phototransduction they convert photons into electrical signals that are refined by interneurons and transmitted to the visual cortex in the brain. Phototransduction cannot occur without the coordinated efforts of Mueller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE are organized in a monolayer directly behind the photoreceptors and perform multiple and diverse functions integral to photoreceptor function and homeostasis. In fact, RPE and photoreceptors are so co-dependent that they are considered to be one functional unit. Death or dysfunction of RPE results in devastating secondary effects on photoreceptors and is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly1,2.

While no cure has been discovered for AMD, several clinical studies have shown that RPE cell replacement may be a promising therapeutic option3-13. With the advent of stem cell technology, it is now possible to generate large numbers of RPE cells in vitro from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hES and hiPS) that strongly resemble their somatic counterparts functionally and anatomically14-26. Stem cell-derived RPE have also been shown to function in vivo by multiple independent groups, including our own, to significantly slow retinal degeneration in rat and mouse lines with spontaneous retinal degeneration16,18,21,22,25,28,29. This combination of clinical and preclinical supporting evidence is so compelling that several clinical trials to prevent retinal degeneration using stem cell-derived RPE cells are now ongoing30,31.

RPE can be readily derived from hES and/or hiPS and implanted in the subretinal space of rodents using various derivation and injection techniques32,33. (See Westenskow et al. for a methods paper in multimedia format demonstrating the directed differentiation protocol we employ)34. There are critical remaining questions regarding the safety, survival, and functional capacity of exogenously delivered RPE cells upon implantation, therefore the ability to perform subretinal injections in rodents is a critical skill16,18,21,29,36,37. The delivery of RPE is not trivial, and the field is divided on the most effective injection technique. The protocol we describe here is a simple and effective way to deliver of bolus of RPE cells subretinally, and was used in the first clinical trial for stem cell-derived RPE transplantation31. (The reader may also refer to another JoVE article by Eberle et al. for an alternative depiction of subretinal injections in rodents.38)

The technique outlined in this manuscript cannot be visualized and trauma is unavoidable (as with any subretinal injection technique). It is performed by making a hole just under the limbus vessels and inserting a blunt needle along a transscleral route to inject a bolus of cells under the diametrically opposed retina. The person doing the injection will feel resistance as the blunt needle touches the retina. The cells may be directly visualized after the injection, however, and the degree of the induced retinal detachment can be determined by labeling the RPE cells with a transient fluorescent marker and detecting them with a confocal scanning ophthalmoscope (cSLO). An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system can also be used to monitor the trauma and easily identify the injection site.

Protocol

HINWEIS: Alle Tiere wurden in Übereinstimmung mit den ethischen Richtlinien des Scripps Research Institute gegründet behandelt. 1. Vorbereitung der Materialien für die Injektion (~ 20 min) Vorwärmen Zelldissoziationslösung (vorzugsweise eine, die durch den Verdünnungs inaktiviert wird, nicht mit Serum), sterile PBS und Kulturmedien (Tabelle 1). Sterilisieren Sie die Spritze mit einer stumpfen Nadel durch Demontage und es …

Representative Results

Wir können eine Aussetzung der RPE-Zellen schnell und konsequent in den subretinalen Raum von Nagetieren zu liefern mit dem in dieser Handschrift beschriebenen Technik. Obwohl nicht erforderlich, können Traumata stark mit dem mit einem Mikromanipulator in 1A & B gezeigten Aufbau minimiert werden. Halten Sie den Nager wie in 1C für temporäre Exophthalmus gezeigt. Die Schritte sind die gleichen, wenn der Mikromanipulator oder von Hand durchgeführt wird; diese werden in der Karika…

Discussion

In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir ein relativ einfaches Verfahren zum Durchführen subretinalen Injektion von RPE-Zellen in Suspension in Ratten und Mäusen. Das Protokoll ist einfach zu erlernen und mehr Erfahrung mit der Technik zu weniger Verletzungen zu übersetzen (3; dies stellt eine der besseren Injektionen), insbesondere wenn ein Mikromanipulator verwendet wird (1A). Jede Trauma kann in vivo mit einem cSLO und OCT-System (2), wenn vorhanden überwacht w…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Alison Dorsey for helping to develop the subretinal injection technique. We also acknowledge the National Eye Institute (NEI grants EY11254 and EY021416), California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM grant TR1-01219), and the Lowy Medical Research Institute (LMRI) for very generous funding for this project.

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment (A-Z) Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM) Gibco  21985-023 50 mL x 1 
Cell Scapers VWR 89260-222 Case x 1
CellTracker Green CMFDA Molecular Probes C34552 50 ug x 20
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium Gibco 14190-144 500 mL x 1 
Fast Green Sigma-Aldrich F7258 25 g x 1 
Genteal Geldrops Moderate to Severe Lubricant Eye Drops  Walmart 4060941 25 mL x 1
Hamilton Model 62 RN SYR Hamilton 87942 Syringe x 1 
Hamilton Needle 33 gauge, 0.5", point 3 (304 stainless steel) Hamilton 7803-05 Needles x 6
Knockout DMEM Gibco 10829-018 500 mL x 1 
KnockOut Serum Replacement Gibco 10828-028 500 mL x 1 
L-Glutamine 200 mM Gibco 25030-081 100 mL x 1
Magnetic Stand Leica Biosystems 39430216 Stand x 1
MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution 100X  Gibco 11140-050 100 mL x 1
Micromanipulator Leica Biosystems 3943001 Manipulator x 1
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) Gibco 15140-122 100 mL x 1
Slip Tip Syringes without Needles BD  (3 mL)   VWR BD309656 Pack x 1
Specialty-Use Needles BD  (30 gauge, 1") VWR BD305128 Box x 1
TrypLE Express Enzyme (1X), no phenol red Gibco 12604013 100 mL x 1

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Citazione di questo articolo
Westenskow, P. D., Kurihara, T., Bravo, S., Feitelberg, D., Sedillo, Z. A., Aguilar, E., Friedlander, M. Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension. J. Vis. Exp. (95), e52247, doi:10.3791/52247 (2015).

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