三维组织工程人食管黏膜型号生产，表征和潜在用途
Summary
这份手稿描述了生产，表征和组织工程食管三维结构从正常原代人成纤维食管，并在脱细胞化猪接种支架鳞状上皮细胞制备的潜在用途。结果证明类似于正常人食道成熟复层上皮的形成。
Abstract
两者食管腺癌和其前体，巴雷特化生的发生，正在迅速在西方世界上升。此外食管腺癌一般预后较差，在生存率几乎没有改善的排头兵。这些都是困难的条件下，研究，至今缺乏合适的实验平台，以探讨食管粘膜的疾病。
已经开发了麦克尼尔实验室，它不象常规的2D细胞培养系统，概括本体内的细胞-细胞和细胞-基质相互作用，并产生一个成熟的，分层类似于正常人上皮的人食管粘膜的模型食道。简要地说，该模型利用内的猪源性脱细胞食管支架生长的未转化的正常原代人食管成纤维细胞和上皮细胞。这种模式的表征免疫组化通过CK4，CK14，Ki67和外皮染色展示了人类正常食管黏膜的组织学再演合适。
这个模型提供了人类食管粘膜的稳健，生物相关的实验模型。它可以很容易被操纵以调查了若干研究问题，包括药理学试剂的有效性和暴露于环境因素，如醇，毒素，高温或胃食道反流部件的影响。该模型还有助于延长培养期间无法实现与传统的二维细胞培养，启用， 除其他外 ，一个成熟的上皮反复暴露于感兴趣的代理的影响为长达20天的研究。此外，各种细胞系，诸如那些自食管肿瘤或巴雷特化生衍生，可并入该模型来调查如肿瘤侵袭和药物responsivene流程SS在更生物学相关的环境。
Introduction
食管粘膜包括分层，鳞状上皮以上的层结缔组织，固有层，并且是遇到摄取环境应激第一站点之一。暴露于饮食毒素牵涉于食管鳞状细胞癌的发展，而duodenogastro食管返流是在巴雷特上皮化生，这是与进展的风险增加至食管腺癌相关的发病机理的关键因素。食管癌是在英国男性和食道腺癌的第 8 次最常见的恶性肿瘤是在西方世界1迅速增加。此外，很少有改善疾病的预后，具有大约15％的总体5年存活率。因此，有必要对实验平台来调查对环境应激有关此食管上皮的开发板的曝光的影响和其潜在参与pment化生或肿瘤形成。
虽然永生化或肿瘤细胞系允许研究人员研究上皮细胞向这些压力在体外的反应，它们保持增殖和失败分化成的食管粘膜的最上层中发现的成熟上皮细胞。此外，那些已经经历了肿瘤细胞株可提供关于内上皮环境因素正常细胞的初始响应仅有限的信息;这是当用于治疗性干预的潜在可能是最高的阶段。最后，传统的细胞培养系统无法捕捉上皮细胞和间质细胞之间，并且这些细胞和周围基质在体内组织内发生之间的潜在的重要相互作用。
动物模型对于研究食管epitheli的答复提供更逼真的微环境微米和可以结合的人工诱导胃食管反流病2。然而，它可以是更具挑战来操纵这些模型的环境压力，他们可能不能完全代表人类食道内的响应。
其他实验人食管癌模型已开发了利用原代细胞，永生化细胞或肿瘤细胞系上的胶原蛋白，或结合胶原/基质胶，含有支架的成纤维细胞3,4。它是低劳动强度，以产生这些支架比本手稿中描述的脱细胞食管支架，这些器官模型提供了有用的工具，特别是在肿瘤侵袭5,6-，其中肿瘤细胞渗入胶原凝胶可以容易的研究观察。然而，这些胶原凝胶具有非天然的机械性能，并且缺乏原组织的某些特征，包括一个特定的基底膜和都是适宜E面形貌。这可以使用胶原凝胶支架7时影响导致细胞的行为，例如，上皮细胞和支架之间较差的粘附。作为结果，脱细胞猪食管支架被开发，与作为一个多种生物逼真脚手架，从而更适合用作实验平台的优点。还已经表明，最好是采用了初级细胞进入食管构建体比永生化食管上皮细胞系，如的Het-1A，因为这些细胞形成的多层上皮，但未能分层或分化4,7,8 。
因此，该协议已被改编自一个方法已经在麦克尼尔实验室做组织工程皮肤和口腔黏膜9,10使用，并采用了脱细胞化猪食管支架结合初级人食管上皮细胞和成纤维细胞。 THI规程产生一个成熟的，分层上皮，类似于正常人食道的具体表现为CK4，CK14，Ki67和外皮蛋白染色。由此产生的模型提供了一个实验平台，研究应对环境压力，并已被有效地用在食管上皮调查基因表达的变化响应于反流部件11。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
这个手稿描述适合用作实验平台，研究暴露于环境应激经食管上皮的影响的生物相关的人类食管粘膜模型的制备和表征。
对于成功制造人工食道粘膜模型的最重要的步骤是：确保多数上皮细胞保持增殖和尚未开始播种它们在支架上之前，分化;维持空气 – 液体界面的复合，以确保上皮的正确的成熟;保持无菌整个扩展文化时期。
由于人体组织的可用于细胞?…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
我们感谢罗杰先生艾克罗伊德，黄宏黄伟文先生和克里斯·斯托达德，顾问外科医生在谢菲尔德教学医院NHS信托基金会，他们在获得食管组织样本，并支持我们的工作帮助。我们感谢Ashraful哈克对他的帮助下结合肿瘤细胞系到模型中。我们非常感谢从巴尔坦研究和教育信托基金（BRET）和约克郡癌症研究（YCR）资助这项研究的财政支持。
Materials
| Trypsin | BD Biosciences | 215240 | Prepare 0.1% w/v solution in PBS and filter sterilise. Warm in 37°C water bath before use |
| DMEM | Labtech | LM-D1112 | Warm in 37°C water bath before use |
| Ham's F12 | Labtech | LM-H1236 | Warm in 37°C water bath before use |
| Foetal Calf Serum | Labtech | FB-1090 | |
| Epidermal Growth Factor | R+D Systems | 236-EG-200 | Prepare 200 µg/ml stock solution in 10 mM acetic acid, 1% FCS |
| Hydorcortisone | Sigma-Aldrich | H0396 | Prepare stock solution in PBS and filter sterilise before use |
| Adenine | Sigma-Aldrich | A2786 | Prepare stock solution in PBS and filter sterilise before use |
| Insulin | Sigma-Aldrich | I2767 | Prepare 10 mg/ml solution in 0.01M HCl, dilute 1:10 in distilled water and filter sterilise before use |
| Transferrin | Sigma-Aldrich | T2036 | Prepare stock solution in distilled water and filter sterilise before use |
| Triiodothyronine | Sigma-Aldrich | T2752 | Prepare stock solution in distilled water and filter sterilise before use |
| Cholera toxin | Sigma-Aldrich | C8052 | Prepare stock solution in water |
| L-Glutamine | Sigma-Aldrich | G7513 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin | Sigma-Aldrich | P0781 | |
| Amphotericin B | Gibco | 15290-026 | Brand name Fungizone |
| PBS | Oxoid | BR0014 | Dissolve 1 tablet in 100 ml water and autoclave to sterilise |
| Collagenase A | Roche | 10103578001 | |
| Povidone-iodine solution | Ecolab | 10830E | Brand name Videne |
| Ethanol | Sigma-Aldrich | E7023 | |
| NaCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 433209 | Prepare 1M solution and autoclave to sterilise before use (121 ˚C for 15 min) |
| Glycerol | Sigma-Aldrich | G2025 | Autoclave to sterilise before use (121 ˚C for 15 min) |
| Chelex 100 | Sigma-Aldrich | C7901 | |
| Newborn calf serum | Gibco | 26010074 | |
| Progesterone | Sigma-Aldrich | P8783 | Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use |
| Ethanolamine | Sigma-Aldrich | E9508 | Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use |
| Hydrocortisone | Sigma-Aldrich | H0888 | Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use use |
| O-phosphorylethanolamine | Sigma-Aldrich | P0503 | Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use |
| ITS (insulin, transferrin, selenium) | Lonza | 17-838Z | Used for composite media preparation |
| Trypsin-EDTA | Sigma-Aldrich | T3924 | Warm in 37°C water bath before use |
| EDTA 0.02% solution | Sigma-Aldrich | E8008 | Warm in 37°C water bath before use |
| T75 culture flask | VWR | 734-2313 | |
| 50 ml centrifuge tube | Fisher | 11819650 | |
| 15 ml universal tube | SLS | SLS7504 | |
| 180 ml pot | VWR | 216-2603 | |
| Petri dish | SLS | 150350 | |
| 6 well plate | VWR | 734-2323 | |
| stainless steel rings | Manufactured in house – medical grade stainless steel, internal diameter 10 mm, external diameter 20 mm | ||
| steel mesh grids | Manufactured in house – sheets have 0.3 cm diameter holes, bent to produce grid 2cm (w) x2 cm (d) x 0.5 cm (h) | ||
| ki67 | Novocastra | KI67-MM1-L-CE | Clone MM1 Use at 1:100 |
| CK4 | Abcam | ab9004 | Clone 6B10 Use at 1:200 |
| CK14 | Novocastra | LL002-L-CE | Clone LL002 Use at 1:200 |
| Involucrin | Novocastra | INV | Clone SY5 Use at 1:100 |
| OE21 | Sigma-Aldrich | 96062201 | |
| OE33 | Sigma-Aldrich | 96070808 | |
| Het-1A | ATCC-LGC | CRL-2692 | |
| Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts | ATCC-LGC | CRL-1658 | previously growth arrested by irradiation (60 Gy) |
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