Monocanale Analisi e Imaging di calcio nei podociti del Freshly Isolato glomeruli
Summary
Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli.
Abstract
Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases has been established since podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and foot process effacement. It was previously reported that various endogenous agents may cause a dramatic overload in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in podocytes, presumably leading to albuminuria, and this likely occurs via calcium-conducting ion channels. Therefore, it appeared important to study calcium handling in the podocytes both under normal conditions and in various pathological states. However, available experimental approaches have remained somewhat limited to cultured and transfected cells. Although they represent a good basic model for such studies, they are essentially extracted from the native environment of the glomerulus. Here we describe the methodology of studying podocytes as a part of the freshly isolated whole glomerulus. This preparation retains the functional potential of the podocytes, which are still attached to the capillaries; therefore, podocytes remain in the environment that conserves the major parts of the glomeruli filtration apparatus. The present manuscript elaborates on two experimental approaches that allow 1) real-time detection of calcium concentration changes with the help of ratiometric confocal fluorescence microscopy, and 2) the recording of the single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. These methodologies utilize the advantages of the native environment of the glomerulus that enable researchers to resolve acute changes in the intracellular calcium handling in response to applications of various agents, measure basal concentration of calcium within the cells (for instance, to evaluate disease progression), and assess and manipulate calcium conductance at the level of single ion channels.
Introduction
I reni mantenere l'equilibrio omeostatico per varie sostanze e regolare il volume di sangue in un modo che determina la pressione totale di sangue. Disturbi della filtrazione renale, riassorbimento o secrezione causare o accompagnare stati patologici, che vanno da iper- o ipotensione per terminare malattia renale allo stadio che alla fine richiede il trapianto di rene. L'unità di filtrazione renale (glomerulo) consiste di tre strati – l'endotelio capillare, membrana basale e uno strato cella singola di cellule epiteliali – podociti, che svolgono un ruolo importante nel mantenimento dell'integrità e della funzione 1 fessura diaframma. Disfunzione nel filtro glomerulare permselective causa la perdita urinaria di macromolecole, come la proteinuria. Vari agenti possono influenzare la struttura dei podociti ei processi piede, che determinano l'integrità della barriera di filtrazione glomerulare.
I podociti sono coinvolti nel mantenimento della glomfunzione di filtrazione Eruli. È stato stabilito che la movimentazione calcio improprio dal podociti porta a danno cellulare e svolge un ruolo importante nella progressione di varie forme di nefropatie 2,3. Pertanto, lo sviluppo di un modello che permette di misurazione diretta dei cambiamenti concentrazione intracellulare di calcio sarà determinante per lo studio della funzione podocita. Isolati glomeruli erano già stati utilizzati in numerosi studi, tra cui la misurazione del coefficiente di riflessione albumina cambia 4 e la valutazione delle correnti cellulari integrali nelle cellule intere elettrofisiologiche misurazioni patch-clamp 5,6. Nel presente lavoro si descrive il protocollo che consente al ricercatore di misurare le variazioni della concentrazione di calcio intracellulare in risposta a richieste di agenti farmacologici, stimare i livelli basali di calcio all'interno delle cellule, e valutare l'attività canali del calcio individuale. Misure della concentrazione di calcio Ratometric e patch-clamp electrophysiology sono stati usati per determinare le variazioni della concentrazione intracellulare di calcio nell'ambito dell'attività podocita e il canale, rispettivamente.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
L'approccio qui descritto permette l'analisi di movimentazione calcio dai podociti dei glomeruli roditori. Questa tecnica consente l'applicazione di patch-clamp elettrofisiologia singolo canale e imaging di fluorescenza confocale raziometrico. Tuttavia, entrambi gli approcci possono essere utilizzati separatamente, per conto proprio. Il protocollo proposto ha diverse relativamente semplici passaggi, tra cui a livello 1) del rene; 2) l'isolamento dei glomeruli da vagliatura differenziale; 3) l'esecuzi…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Glen Slocum (Medical College of Wisconsin) e Colleen A. Lavin (Nikon Instruments, Inc.) per un'eccellente assistenza tecnica con gli esperimenti di microscopia. Gregory Blass è riconosciuto per la correzione critica del manoscritto. Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta dal National Institutes of Health HL108880 concessione e American Diabetes Association concedere 1-15-BS-172 (AS), e il Ben J. Lipps Research Fellowship dalla Società Americana di Nefrologia (DVI).
Materials
| Fluo4 AM | Life Technologies | F14217 | 500µl in DMSO |
| FuraRed AM | Life Technologies | F-3020 | |
| Poly-L-lysine | Sigma-Aldrich | P4707 | |
| Pluronic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | F-68 | solution |
| Ionomycin | Sigma-Aldrich | I3909-1ML | |
| Tube rotator | Miltenyi Biotec GmbH | 130-090-753 | Germany |
| Nikon confocal microscope (inverted) | Nikon | Nikon A1R | Laser exitation 488nm. Emission filters 500-550nm and 570-620nm |
| Objective | Nikon | Plan Apo 60x/NA 1.4 Oil | |
| Cover Glass | Thermo Scientific | 6661B52 | |
| High vacuum grease | Dow Corning | Silicone Compound | |
| Software | Nikon | Nikon NIS-Elements | |
| Recording/perfusion chamber | Warner Instruments | RC-26 | |
| Patch Clamp amplifier | Molecular Devices | MultiClamp 700B | |
| Data Acquisition System | Molecular Devices | Digidata 1440A | Axon Digidata® System |
| Low Pass Filter | Warner Instruments | LPF-8 | 8 pole Bessel |
| Borosilicate glass capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B150F-4 | |
| Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instrument Co | P-97 | Flaming/Brown type micropipette puller |
| Microforge | Narishige | MF-830 | Japan |
| Motorized Micromanipulator | Sutter Instrument Co | MP-225 | |
| Inverted microscope | Nikon | Eclipse Ti | |
| Microvibration isolation table | TMC | equipped with Faraday cage | |
| Multichannel valve perfusion system | AutoMake Scientific | Valve Bank II | |
| Recording/perfusion chamber | Warner Instruments | RC-26 | |
| Software | Molecular Devices | pClamp 10 . 2 | |
| Nicardipine | Sigma-Aldrich | N7510 | |
| Iberiotoxin | Sigma | I5904-5UG | |
| Niflumic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | N0630 | |
| DIDS | Sigma-Aldrich | D3514-25MG | |
| TEA chloride | Tocris | T2265 | |
| RPMI 1640 | Life Technologies | 11835030 | without antibiotics |
| BSA | Sigma-Aldrich | A8327 | 30% albumin solution |
| Temperature controlled surgical table | MCW core | for rodents | |
| Steel sieves: | #100 (150 μm), 140 (106 μm) | ||
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO200 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-316 | |
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO270 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-318 | |
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO400 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-320 | |
| mesh 200 | Sigma-Aldrich | s4145 | screen for CD-1 |
| Binocular microscope | Nikon | Eclipse TS100 | |
| Binocular microscope | Nikon | SMZ745 | |
| Syringe pump-based perfusion system | Harvard Apparatus | ||
| polyethylene tubing | Sigma-Aldrich | PE50 | |
| Isofluorane anesthesia | http://www.vetequip.com/ | 911103 | |
| Other basic reagents | Sigma-Aldrich |
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