与FRET流式细胞仪灵敏地检测Proteopathic播种活动
Summary
Cell-to-cell transfer of protein aggregates, or proteopathic seeds, may underlie the progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, a novel FRET flow cytometry assay is described that enables specific and sensitive detection of seeding activity from recombinant or biological samples.
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports transcellular propagation of toxic protein aggregates, or proteopathic seeds, as a mechanism for the initiation and progression of pathology in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and the related tauopathies. The potentially critical role of tau seeds in disease progression strongly supports the need for a sensitive assay that readily detects seeding activity in biological samples.
By combining the specificity of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), the sensitivity of flow cytometry, and the stability of a monoclonal cell line, an ultra-sensitive seeding assay has been engineered and is compatible with seed detection from recombinant or biological samples, including human and mouse brain homogenates. The assay employs monoclonal HEK 293T cells that stably express the aggregation-prone repeat domain (RD) of tau harboring the disease-associated P301S mutation fused to either CFP or YFP, which produce a FRET signal upon protein aggregation. The uptake of proteopathic tau seeds (but not other proteins) into the biosensor cells stimulates aggregation of RD-CFP and RD-YFP, and flow cytometry sensitively and quantitatively monitors this aggregation-induced FRET. The assay detects femtomolar concentrations (monomer equivalent) of recombinant tau seeds, has a dynamic range spanning three orders of magnitude, and is compatible with brain homogenates from tauopathy transgenic mice and human tauopathy subjects. With slight modifications, the assay can also detect seeding activity of other proteopathic seeds, such as α-synuclein, and is also compatible with primary neuronal cultures. The ease, sensitivity, and broad applicability of FRET flow cytometry makes it useful to study a wide range of protein aggregation disorders.
Introduction
细胞内的tau淀粉样蛋白的积累定义τ病变如阿尔茨海默氏病。在早期疾病阶段，病理通常定位于大脑的离散区域，但随着疾病进展，病理学总是沿不同的神经网络1-5传播。越来越多的证据表明，有毒蛋白聚集体跨细胞繁殖underlies此病理（6-10综述）。在这个模型中，proteopathic种子（例如，tau蛋白）释放从供体细胞，并进入邻近细胞，转化天然tau蛋白成经由模板化的构象变化11-15错误折叠形式。此处所描述的测定法的开发灵敏检测这种播种活性。它是用重组蛋白和生物样品相容并允许proteopathic播种活动16分钟程度的定量。
HEK 293T细胞稳定表达tau蛋白重复ðomain（RD）含有与疾病相关的突变P301S融合到CFP或YFP（以下简称为tau蛋白-RD-CFP / YFP的细胞）作为播种活性的稳定的生物传感器。在没有proteopathic种子，细胞保持tau蛋白作为水溶性单体，和具有没有明显的背景的FRET。自然吸收或牛头种子脂质体介导转导到细胞内，但是，结果在RD-CFP和RD-YFP聚集，产生的是单个细胞内通过流式细胞仪测量的FRET信号。
该测定的众多成分设计，以提高灵敏度和降低可变性。带1的单克隆细胞系：1的RD-CFP / YFP表达比率被选择的，因为它提供了最佳的信号：噪声。为了增加灵敏度，磷脂用来引入种子直接导入细胞（尽管研究摄取生物学机制，这可以省略）。最后，流式细胞仪监测FRET在群体水平和单个细胞平，与其他蛋白质聚集测定。最终的测量结果，集成的FRET密度，是高度的定量和两对细胞凝集的数量，和聚集已经发生向其中每个单元内的程度帐户。所有这些优化的参数，提高了灵敏度，并确保重现性。
该系统最近采用了全面的研究转基因P301S tau蛋白病小鼠17进行评估的时间开始和相关头播种活动进展到其他常用的tau病理学标志（ 例如 ，MC1，AT8，PG5，并ThioflavinS）。播种活动是迄今为止头病理的最早和最强大的标志物进行评估，组织学检测由至少6周之前。播种活性似乎在1.5个月，并逐渐随着年龄增大，这表明proteopathic种子在其发作和/或神经变性16的级数的因果作用。
e_content“>从生物样品中的种子材料分钟水平的精确定量可以促进监测早期疾病进展的研究。通过缩短测试时间并且使得能够使用较年轻的动物，这可能增加的临床前动物试验的效率和准确性。例如，在在P301S鼠标如前所述，铅化物可作为交付早在4-6周，2-4周后进行疗效监测。该法应准确量化播种的任何削减（，或在发病播种活动的前夕）活性。FRET流式细胞仪已经在体外筛选的应用，以及，例如，抗tau蛋白的试剂（例如，抗体，小分子等），可以迅速地对它们阻断直接在培养接种诱导，使用任一重组tau蛋白的能力进行测试聚集体或脑源性裂解物作为种子源（图5）。采用这种设置，一旦晶种材料制备，一个前periment只需要三天完成，包括数据分析。 proteopathic播种活动的快速定量因此可以促进神经退行性疾病的许多研究。Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
此处所描述的FRET流式细胞仪系统是一个功能强大的工具，快速和定量地评估tau蛋白播种活性。它只需要适度的细胞培养的经验和FRET的应用知识和流式细胞仪。其他播种测定法，如硫磺素T – 这表现出增强的荧光当结合β片层结构 – 是费力的，需要一个纯的，重组蛋白质底物。此外， 在体外播种测定法的tau仅半定量的并且通常不敏感种子材料23,24的亚纳摩尔水平。 FRET流式细胞仪，但…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Tau Consortium (M.I.D); National Institutes of Health Grant 1R01NS071835 (M.I.D.), a Department of Defense Grant PT110816 (to M.I.D.), 1F32NS087805 (to J.L.F.), and 1F31NS079039 (to B.B.H.).
Materials
| TBS | Sigma | T5912 |
| cOmplete Protease Inhibitors (EDTA-free) | Roche | 4693159001 |
| Cryo-vials | Sarstedt | 72.694.006 |
| Analytical Balance | Mettler Toledo | XSE 105DU |
| Weighing Boats | Fisher Scientific | 13-735-743 |
| 15 mL conical tube | USA Scientific | 1475-0501 |
| Omni Sonic Ruptor Ultrasonic Homogenizer | Omni International | 18-000-115 |
| Micro-Tip for Ultrasonic Homogenizer | Omni International | OR-T-156 |
| 2-Propanol | Fisher Scientific | A451 |
| Noise Cancelling Ear Muffs | Fisher Scientific | 19-145-412 |
| Kimwipes | Fisher Scientific | S47299 |
| 1.5 mL tubes | USA Scientific | 1615-5510 |
| Microcentrifuge | Eppendorf | 5424 000.215 |
| DPBS | Life Technologies | 14190-136 |
| DMEM | Life Technologies | 11965-084 |
| Fetal Bovine Serum | HyClone | SH30071.03 |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin | Life Technologies | 15140-122 |
| GlutaMax | Life Technologies | 35050-061 |
| Trypsin-EDTA | Life Technologies | 25300-054 |
| 50 mL Conical Tubes | Phenix Research | SS-PH15 |
| 25 mL reagent resevoirs | VWR | 41428-954 |
| Multi channel pipet | Fisher Scientific | TI13-690-049 |
| 96 well flat bottom plates | Corning | 3603 |
| Opti-MEM | Life Technologies | 31985-070 |
| Lipofectamine 2000 | Invitrogen | 11668019 |
| 96 well round bottom plates | Corning | 3788 |
| 16% Paraformaldehyde | Electron Microscopy Sciences | RT 15710 |
| PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | P5493 |
| EDTA | Sigma-Aldrich | ED2SS |
| HBSS | Life Technologies | 14185-052 |
| Sorvall ST 40 Centrifuge | Thermo Scientific | 75004509 |
| BIOLiner Swinging Bucket Rotor | Thermo Scientific | 75003796 |
| Hemacytometer | VWR | 15170-172 |
| MACSQuant VYB Flow Cytomter | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-096-116 |
| Chill 96 Rack | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-094-459 |
| Flow Jo analysis software | Flow Jo | |
| 20 uL pipet tips | Rainin | GPS-L10 |
| 200 uL pipet tips | Rainin | GPS-250 |
| 1 mL pipet tips | Rainin | GPS-1000 |
| 200 uL pipet tips | USA Scientific | 1111-1800 |
| 5 mL serological pipett | Phenix Research | SPG-606180 |
| 10 mL serological pipett | Phenix Research | SPG-607180 |
| 25 mL Serological pipett | Phenix Research | SPG-760180 |
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