Summary

Imaging Subcellulære Strukturer i Living Zebrafisk Embryo

Published: April 02, 2016
doi:

Summary

Imaging the dynamic behavior of organelles and other subcellular structures in vivo can shed light on their function in physiological and disease conditions. Here, we present methods for genetically tagging two organelles, centrosomes and mitochondria, and imaging their dynamics in living zebrafish embryos using wide-field and confocal microscopy.

Abstract

In vivo imaging provides unprecedented access to the dynamic behavior of cellular and subcellular structures in their natural context. Performing such imaging experiments in higher vertebrates such as mammals generally requires surgical access to the system under study. The optical accessibility of embryonic and larval zebrafish allows such invasive procedures to be circumvented and permits imaging in the intact organism. Indeed the zebrafish is now a well-established model to visualize dynamic cellular behaviors using in vivo microscopy in a wide range of developmental contexts from proliferation to migration and differentiation. A more recent development is the increasing use of zebrafish to study subcellular events including mitochondrial trafficking and centrosome dynamics. The relative ease with which these subcellular structures can be genetically labeled by fluorescent proteins and the use of light microscopy techniques to image them is transforming the zebrafish into an in vivo model of cell biology. Here we describe methods to generate genetic constructs that fluorescently label organelles, highlighting mitochondria and centrosomes as specific examples. We use the bipartite Gal4-UAS system in multiple configurations to restrict expression to specific cell-types and provide protocols to generate transiently expressing and stable transgenic fish. Finally, we provide guidelines for choosing light microscopy methods that are most suitable for imaging subcellular dynamics.

Introduction

In vivo imaging giver direkte visualisering af cellulære adfærd på den mest fysiologiske sammenhæng. Gennemsigtigheden af zebrafisk embryoner, deres hurtige og ekstern udvikling og et rigt udvalg af genetiske værktøjer, der tillader fluorescerende mærkning har alle bidraget til den stigende brug af in vivo mikroskopi at belyse dynamikken i vigtige udviklingsmæssige begivenheder. Imaging undersøgelser af nervesystemet udvikling i zebrafisk har for eksempel stærkt udvidet vores viden om opførslen af neurale stamceller og skæbne deres afkom, herunder deres efterfølgende migration, differentiering og kredsløb integration 1-8.

Scenen er nu sat til at undersøge de subcellulære dynamik bag disse cellulære adfærd. Faktisk zebrafisk allerede udnyttes som redskaber til in vivo cellebiologi. Det er nu muligt at visualisere mitokondrier 9-11, centrosomer 2,8,12-14, Golgi 15, Mikrotubuli 4 og actin 16 cytoskelettet, endosomer 17 og komponenterne i den apikale membran kompleks 1,18, blandt andre subcellulære strukturer i zebrafisk embryoer in vivo. Hidtil meget af hvad man ved om funktionen af ​​disse organeller kommer fra at studere deres adfærd i dyrkede celler. Mens in vitro-undersøgelser har givet enorm indsigt i cellebiologi, behøver celler i kultur ikke fuldt ud repræsentere kompleksiteten af in vivo situationen og derfor ikke nødvendigvis afspejler funktion og dynamik subcellulære organeller in vivo. Zebrafisk embryoner tilbyder et levedygtigt in vivo alternativ at undersøge subcellulære dynamik.

Som hvirveldyr, zebrafisk besidder mange organsystemer (f.eks neurale nethinde), som er homologe med de fundet i pattedyr. Derudover er zebrafisk embryoner stigende grad til at modellere humane sygdomme 19,20 </sop>, herunder dem, der vedrører centrosomal funktion (f.eks microcephaly 21 og Lebers medfødt amaurose 22) og til mitokondrie funktion (f.eks, Parkinsons sygdom 23, tauopathier 10,24 og Barth syndrom 25). In vivo imaging på det cellulære og subcellulære niveau i disse tilfælde vil tillade en bedre forståelse af cellebiologi bag disse patologiske tilstande.

Det overordnede mål med de metoder, der er beskrevet her, er at give en omfattende guide til at undersøge organeller og andre subcellulære strukturer i zebrafisk embryoner hjælp in vivo lysmikroskopi. Hele work-flow er involveret i at visualisere og spore subcellulære strukturer in vivo er beskrevet – fra genetiske tilgange mærkning, at generere forbigående udtrykke og stabil transgene fisk, og endelig at billeddannelse ved hjælp af bredt felt og konfokal mikroskopi. Mens hver af disse procedures bruges af mange zebrafisk laboratorier, er de beskrevne protokoller optimeret og strømlinet for at undersøge dynamikken i subcellulære strukturer. To specifikke aspekter af arbejdet beskrevet her, garanterer omtale: For det første brugen af ​​Gal4-UAS ekspressionssystem i flere konfigurationer til genetisk label organeller i specifikke celletyper. For det andet, en direkte sammenligning af wide-field og konfokal mikroskopi til billedet subcellulære strukturer in vivo.

Aktuelle strategier til genetisk label organeller og andre subcellulære strukturer i zebrafisk enten gøre brug af udjævnede mRNA 1,4,8 eller DNA baserede konstruktioner, hvor promotorelementer direkte drive ekspressionen af fusionsproteiner 9,14,15. In vitro transskriberede udjævnede RNA resultater i hurtig og bred udtryk, som ikke er vævsspecifikke dog. Derudover ekspressionsniveauerne falde med tiden, da den udjævnede RNA fortyndes eller nedbrydes. Således anvendelsen af ​​RNA baseretkonstruerer at undersøge organel dynamik på senere stadier i udviklingen er begrænset (normalt op til 3 dage efter befrugtningen).

Disse begrænsninger kan overvindes ved hjælp af DNA-konstruktioner, hvor rumlig og tidsmæssig kontrol af ekspression bestemmes af specifikke promotorelementer. Når der anvendes DNA baserede konstruktioner i forbindelse med de Gal4-UAS systemet betydelige forbedringer til transgen ekspressionsniveauer iagttages 26,27. I denne todelte ekspressionssystem, celletypespecifikke promotorelementer drive ekspressionen af ​​en transskriptionel aktivator Gal4, mens reportergener klones nedstrøms for Gal4-bindende opstrøms aktiverende sekvens (UAS). Ved at kombinere UAS reportere med passende Gal4 drivere, kan udtryk begrænses til bestemte celletyper, omgå behovet for at klone reportergener bag forskellige promotorer, hver gang et særligt udtryk mønster ønskes. Endvidere kan ekspressionen af ​​multiple UAS reportergener væredrevet af en enkelt Gal4 aktivator. Gal4-UAS systemet tilvejebringer således en alsidig og fleksibel genetiske fremgangsmåde for subcellulær mærkning.

Wide-field og konfokale mikroskoper er arbejdsheste fleste laboratorier. Wide-field systemer anvender typisk en bue lampe som lyskilde og detektere det emitterede lys med et følsomt kamera, der er placeret for enden af ​​lysbanen. Denne billedbehandling modalitet typisk begrænset til tynde prøver som ud-af fokus lys tilslører i fokus oplysninger i tykkere prøver. Konfokale mikroskoper adskiller sig fra wide-field systemer, at de er bygget til at favorisere signaler, der kommer fra fokusplanet i forhold til dem, der stammer ude af fokus (dvs. "optisk sektionering") 28. For at opnå optisk sektionering et lille hul er placeret i emissionen sti i et konjugat position til det punkt lyskilden. Lasere anvendes som lyskilder og signaler detekteres med fotomultiplikatorrør (PTM'er). I praksis en laserstrålen swiped over prøven punkt for punkt og fluorescensemissionen ved hver plet (pixel) detekteres af PMT.

Her har vi billedet de selvsamme subcellulære strukturer i levende zebrafisk embryoner ved hjælp af både bredt felt og konfokal mikroskopi til at give en direkte sammenligning af de to mikroskopi modaliteter. Den underliggende formål at tilvejebringe sådanne sammenligninger er at tilbyde retningslinjer for at vælge den mest hensigtsmæssige mikroskopi teknik til det konkrete spørgsmål ved hånden.

Under anvendelse af de fremgangsmåder, der beskrives her viser vi Gal4-UAS baseret genetisk mærkning af mitokondrier og centrosomer. Disse organeller afbildes i forskellige celletyper i nervesystemet og i muskelceller ved hjælp wide-field og konfokal mikroskopi for at demonstrere egnetheden af ​​hvert afbildningsmodalitet. De her beskrevne metoder kan let tilpasses til undersøgelse andre organeller og subcellulære strukturer i levende zebrafisk embryo.

Protocol

Alle eksperimenter dyr blev udført i overensstemmelse med de lokale forskrifter i regeringen i Oberbayern (München, Tyskland). 1. Mærkning organeller og andre Subcellulære Structures BEMÆRK: Her genetisk reporter-konstruktioner, at fluorescens tag centrosomer, mitokondrier og cellemembraner er beskrevet. Brug konventionelle kloningsmetoder 29 til at generere fusionsproteiner der fluorescens navngive centrosomer og mitok…

Representative Results

Her brugen af ​​wide-field og konfokal mikroskopi til billedet mitokondrier og centrosomer i levende zebrafisk embryoner er direkte sammenlignes og kontrasteres. Afhængigt af placeringen af ​​de celler, hvor organel dynamik, der skal undersøges, og den iboende frekvens af de specifikke subcellulære begivenheder, generelt enten bredt felt eller konfokal mikroskopi er det bedste valg. Vi afbildes organeller i RB neuroner lokaliseret på overfladen af ​​embryoet og i retinale…

Discussion

Her udviser vi alsidigheden af Gal4-UAS ekspressionssystem til fluorescens tag mitokondrier, centrosomer og de ​​cellulære membraner i specifikke celletyper in vivo i zebrafisk embryoner. Mange fluorescerende fusionsproteiner, som mærker andre organeller eller subcellulære strukturer kan findes i den publicerede litteratur og kan fås fra det pågældende laboratorium, kommercielle kilder eller ikke-kommercielle plasmid depoter (f.eks Addgene). At designe en ny fluorescerende fusionsprotein, ska…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

P.E. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Training Group 1373 and the Graduate School of the Technische Universität München (TUM-GS). G.P. was supported by TUM-GS. L.T. is supported by an EMBO fellowship (EMBO ALTF 108-2013). D.P.’s work on zebrafish was supported by the DFG through the Sonderforschungsbereich “Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration” (SFB 596); the Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (Munich) and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant agreement no. 200611 (MEMOSAD). He is currently a New York Stem Cell Foundation-Druckenmiller Fellow and was supported by a fellowship from the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. L.G. is supported by funding from the DFG through SFB 870 “Assembly and Function of Neuronal Circuits”, Project A11.

We are grateful to Kristina Wullimann for maintaining our fish facility, Yvonne Hufnagel for technical support and Thomas Misgeld for comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to R. Köster (Technische Universität Braunschweig) for providing the M1 Medusa vector (pSKmemmRFP:5xUAS:H2B-CFP:5xUAS:Centrin2-YFP) from which we cloned out Centrin-YFP and S.C. Suzuki and T. Yoshimatsu (University of Washington) for providing the 14xUAS:MA-cerulean cassette which we used to generate the reporter construct to make CentrinFish. We further thank S.C. Suzuki and T. Yoshimatsu (University of Washington) for the Otx2:Gal4 transgenic line, A. Sagasti for the Sensory:Gal4-VP16 construct (UCLA) and M. Nonet (Washington University in St. Louis) for the pCold Heart Tol2 vector. We acknowledge Bettina Schmid, Alexander Hruscha and Christian Haass (German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Munich – DZNE) for contributing to the development of MitoFish.

Materials

Agarose (2-hydroxyethylagarose) Sigma-Aldrich A4018-10G Low-gelling temperature Type VII
Block heater Eppendorf Thermomixer compact
Ca(NO3)2 Calcium nitrate hydrate, 99.996%  Aldrich 202967-50g To prepare 30x Danieau's
CCD camera Qimaging Retiga Exi Fast 1394
Ceramic Coated Dumont #5 Forceps Dumont – Fine Science Tools 11252-50 #5 Forceps
Confocal laser-scanning microscope Olympus FV1000 Fluoview
Culture dish heater Warner Instrument Corporation DH-35 Heating ring
Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfate salt Fluka Analytical A5040-100G Tricaine (anesthetic)
Fluorescence dissecting microscope Leica M205 FA
GeneClean kit MP Biomedicals 111001200
Glass Bottom Culture Dishes MatTek Corporation P35G-0-14-C 35mm petri dish, 14mm microwell, No. 0 coverglass
Glass needles World Precision Instruments Inc.  TW100F-4 For microinjections
HEPES Sigma H3375-250g To prepare 30x Danieau's
High vacuum grease Dow Corning  DCC000001242 150g Silicon dioxide grease
Incubator Thermo Scientific Heraeus To maintain zebrafish embryos at 28.5⁰ C
KCl 99% Sigma-Aldrich S7643-5kg To prepare 30x Danieau's
MgSO4.7H2O   Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 98+% A.C.S reagent Sigma-Aldrich 230291-500g To prepare 30x Danieau's
Microinjector  Eppendorf FemtoJet
Microloader tips Eppendorf 930001007 0.5-20uL
Micromanipulator Maerzhaeuser Wetzlar MM33 Rechts/00-42-101-0000/M3301R
Micropipette holder Intracel P/N 50-00XX-130-1
mMESSAGE mMACHINE SP6 Transcription Kit Ambion AM1340 To transcribe PCS-Transposase
NaCl BioXtra >99.5% Sigma-Aldrich P9541-1kg To prepare 30x Danieau's
Nanophotometer To measure DNA/RNA concentration
Needle puller Sutter Instrument P-1000 Flaming/Brown
NIR Apo 40x/0.80W  Nikon Water-dipping-cone objective
N-Phenylthiourea Grade I, approx. 98% Sigma P7629-10G PTU (prevents pigmentation)
Petri dishes Sarstedt AG  821472 92 x 16mm 
Plastic molds  Adaptive Science Tools TU-1 For microinjections
Plexiglas cover-with a hole Custom-made The hole in the Plexiglas cover should be 3 mm larger than the diameter of the water-dipping-cone objective
Tea-strainer (Plastic) To collect zebrafish eggs
Temperature controller Warner Instrument Corporation TC-344B Dual Automatic Temperature Controller
Transfer pipettes Sarstedt AG  86.1171 3.5mL plastic transfer pipettes
UMPlanFI 100x/1.00W Olympus Water-dipping-cone objective
UMPlanFLN 20x/0.50W  Olympus Water-dipping-cone objective
Widefield microscope Olympus BX51WI
PTU (50x Stock) Dissolve 76 mg PTU in 50 ml distilled water
Stir vigorously at room temperature 
Store at -20 oC in 1 ml aliquots
Use at 1x working solution
Tricaine (20x Stock) Dissolve 200 mg Tricaine in 48 ml distilled water
Add 2 ml 1M Tris base (pH9)
Adjust to pH 7 
Store at -20 oC in 1 ml aliquots
Use at 1x working solution
Danieau's Solution (30x Stock) 1740 mM  NaCl 
<21 mM      KCl 
12 mM      MgSO4.7H2
18 mM      Ca (NO3)2
150 mM    HEPES buffer 
Distilled water upto 1 L 
Store at 4 o
Use at 0.3x working solution

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Cite This Article
Engerer, P., Plucinska, G., Thong, R., Trovò, L., Paquet, D., Godinho, L. Imaging Subcellular Structures in the Living Zebrafish Embryo. J. Vis. Exp. (110), e53456, doi:10.3791/53456 (2016).

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