Kinetic Måling og Real Time Visualisering af Somatisk Omprogrammering
Summary
Protokollen præsenteres i denne undersøgelse beskriver fremgangsmåder til tidstro overvågning af omprogrammering progression via den kinetiske måling af positive og negative pluripotente stamceller cellemarkører ved anvendelse af flowcytometri analyse. Protokollen omfatter også imaging-vurdering af morfologi, og markør eller reporter udtryk under iPSC generation.
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease phenotypes. Recent advances have identified more efficient and safe methods for introduction of reprogramming factors. However, there are few tools to monitor and track the progression of reprogramming. Current methods for monitoring reprogramming rely on the qualitative inspection of morphology or staining with stem cell-specific dyes and antibodies. Tools to dissect the progression of iPSC generation can help better understand the process under different conditions from diverse cell sources.
This study presents key approaches for kinetic measurement of reprogramming progression using flow cytometry as well as real-time monitoring via imaging. To measure the kinetics of reprogramming, flow analysis was performed at discrete time points using antibodies against positive and negative pluripotent stem cell markers. The combination of real-time visualization and flow analysis enables the quantitative study of reprogramming at different stages and provides a more accurate comparison of different systems and methods. Real-time, image-based analysis was used for the continuous monitoring of fibroblasts as they are reprogrammed in a feeder-free medium system. The kinetics of colony formation was measured based on confluence in the phase contrast or fluorescence channels after staining with live alkaline phosphatase dye or antibodies against SSEA4 or TRA-1-60. The results indicated that measurement of confluence provides semi-quantitative metrics to monitor the progression of reprogramming.
Introduction
Patient-afledte inducerede pluripotente stamceller (iPSCs) er lovende redskaber til celleterapi og narkotika screening. De giver et autologt kilde til celler til terapi. Derudover de omfatter en meget bred vifte af genetiske baggrunde, der muliggør en detaljeret in vitro analyse af genetiske sygdomme ud over, hvad nuværende embryonale stamceller (ESC) linjer ville tillade. Nylige fremskridt har ført til udviklingen af flere metoder til generering iPSCs, herunder omprogrammering med Sendai-virus, episomale plasmider eller mRNA'er 1,2. Især er forskellige omprogrammering metoder i forbindelse med varierende niveauer af effektivitet og sikkerhed, og vil sandsynligvis variere på andre måder, der påvirker deres egnethed til forskellige applikationer. Med tilgængeligheden af en række omprogrammering teknologier, er det blevet vigtigt at udvikle metoder til at vurdere omprogrammering proces. De fleste eksisterende metoder er afhængige af den kvalitative undersøgelse af morfologi eller farvningstamcelleantistoffer-specifikke farvestoffer og antistoffer. En nylig udviklet metode gør brug af lentivirale fluorescens reportere der er følsomme for PSC-specifikke miRNA eller differentierede cellespecifikke mRNA'er 3. Sådanne overvågningsmetoder lette udvælgelsen og optimering af omprogrammering teknikker til forskellige situationer. For eksempel har CDy1 blevet anvendt som en fluorescerende probe til tidlige iPSCs for at screene for omprogrammering modulatorer 4. Evnen til at observere og sammenligne forskellige omprogrammering eksperimenter er også kritisk til at få en bedre forståelse af selve processen. For eksempel er det nu kendt, at nogle somatiske celletyper er lettere at omprogrammere end andre 5, og at celler går gennem mellemliggende tilstande under omprogrammering 6-8. Desværre, mekanismerne bag omprogrammering proces er stadig ikke helt forstået og dermed de nøjagtige forskelle mellem omprogrammering metoder også mangler at blive defined. Således metoder til overvågning, vurdering og sammenligning af omprogrammering begivenheder fortsat være kritisk for stamcelle feltet.
De er beskrevet i denne protokol metoder muliggøre overvågning og vurdering af den omprogrammering proces, og viser, hvordan disse teknikker kan bruges til at sammenligne forskellige sæt omprogrammering reagenser. Den første fremgangsmåde involverer flowcytometri analyser anvendelse af kombinationer af antistoffer mod positiv og negativ pluripotente stamcelle (PSC) markører. Den anden fremgangsmåde par imaging i realtid og måling af total sammenflydning (den procentvise overfladeareal dækket af cellerne) og sammenløbet af markør signaler (den procentvise overfladeareal dækket af de fluorescerende signaler).
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This study provides strategies for monitoring and tracking of the reprogramming process using flow cytometry and real-time imaging-based analysis. The critical steps in the protocol are initiating reprogramming, measuring reprogramming progression based on marker expression and real-time monitoring of reprogramming. Any reprogramming method of choice can be used but here we focus on Sendai based reprogramming of human fibroblasts. The advantage of this method is the ease of use and consistent high efficiency of reprogram…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Forfatterne takker Tchad MacArthur for nyttige diskussioner.
Materials
| DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAXSupplement, pyruvate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10569-010 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum, embryonic stem cell-qualified, US origin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 16141-061 | |
| MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 11140-050 | |
| Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 25300-054 | |
| Mouse (ICR) Inactivated Embryonic Fibroblasts | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A24903 | |
| Attachment Factor Protein (1X) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | S-006-100 | |
| DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10565-018 | |
| KnockOut Serum Replacement | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10828010 | |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 21985-023 | |
| Collagenase, Type IV, powder | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 17104-019 | |
| TrypLE Select Enzyme (1X), no phenol red | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 12563-011 | |
| DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 14190-144 | |
| Geltrex LDEV-Free, hESC-Qualified, Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A1413302 | |
| Essential 8 Medium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A1517001 | |
| FGF-Basic (AA 1-155) Recombinant Human Protein | Thermo Fisher Scientific | PHG0264 | |
| UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0 | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15575-020 | |
| Bovine Albumin Fraction V (7.5% solution) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15260-037 | |
| HEPES (1 M) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15630-080 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15140-122 | |
| InSolution Y-27632 | EMD Millipore | 688001 | |
| CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming Kit | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A1378001 | |
| CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A16517 | |
| Countess II Automated Cell Counter | Thermo Fisher Scientific | AMQAX1000 | |
| Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides | Thermo Fisher Scientific | C10228 | |
| BJ ATCC Human Foreskin Fibroblasts, Neonatal | ATCC | CRL-2522 | |
| DF1 Adult Human Dermal Fibroblast | Thermo Fisher Scientific | N/A | |
| BG01V/hOG Cells Variant hESC hOct4-GFP Reporter Cells | Thermo Fisher Scientific | R7799-105 | |
| IncuCyte ZOOM | Essen BioScience | ||
| SSEA-4 Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate (MC813-70) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | SSEA421 | |
| SSEA-4 Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate (eBioMC-813-70 (MC-813-70)) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A14810 | |
| SSEA-4 Antibody (MC813-70) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41-4000 | |
| TRA-1-60 Antibody (cl.A) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41-1000 | |
| CD44 Rat Anti-Human/Mouse mAb (clone IM7), PE-Cy5 conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A27094 | |
| CD44 Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate Kit for Live Cell Imaging | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A25528 | |
| CD44 Rat Anti-Human/Mouse mAb (Clone IM7) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | RM-5700 (no longer available) | |
| Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-11029 | |
| Goat anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-11007 | |
| Alkaline Phosphatase Live Stain | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A14353 | |
| TRA-1-60 Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate Kit for Live Cell Imaging | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A25618 | |
| CD24 Mouse Anti-Human mAb (clone SN3), FITC conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | MHCD2401 | |
| beta-2 Microglobulin Antibody, FITC conjugate (B2M-01) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A15737 | |
| EpCAM / CD326 Antibody, FITC conjugate (VU-1D9) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A15755 | |
| CD73 / NT5E Antibody (7G2) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41-0200 | |
| VECTOR Red Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Substrate Kit | Vector Laboratories | SK-5100 | |
| Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 microscope | Carl Zeiss | 491912-0003-000 | |
| FlowJo Data Analysis Software | FLOJO, LLC | N/A | |
| Attune Accoustic Focusing Cytometer, Blue/Red Laser | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Use Attune NXT | |
| S3e Cell Sorter (488/561 nm) | BIO-RAD | 1451006 | |
| Falcon 12 x 75 mm Tube with Cell Strainer Cap | Corning | 352235 | |
| Falcon 15 mL, high-clarity, dome-seal screw cap | Corning | 352097 | |
| Falcon T-75 Flask | Corning | 353136 | |
| Falcon T-175 Flask | Corning | 353112 | |
| Falcon 6-well dish | Corning | 353046 | |
| HERAEUS HERACELL CO2 ROLLING INCUBATOR | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 51013669 | |
| Nonstick, RNase-free Microfuge Tubes, 1.5 mL | AM12450 | ||
| HulaMixer Sample Mixer | 15920D |
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