Kinetic Mätning och Real Time Visualisering av somatiska Omprogrammering
Summary
Protokollet presenteras i denna studie beskriver metoder för realtidsövervakning av omprogrammering progression via den kinetiska mätning av positiva och negativa pluripotenta stamceller markörer använder flödescytometrianalys. Protokollet innehåller också bildbaserad bedömning av morfologi, och markör eller reporter uttryck under iPSC generation.
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease phenotypes. Recent advances have identified more efficient and safe methods for introduction of reprogramming factors. However, there are few tools to monitor and track the progression of reprogramming. Current methods for monitoring reprogramming rely on the qualitative inspection of morphology or staining with stem cell-specific dyes and antibodies. Tools to dissect the progression of iPSC generation can help better understand the process under different conditions from diverse cell sources.
This study presents key approaches for kinetic measurement of reprogramming progression using flow cytometry as well as real-time monitoring via imaging. To measure the kinetics of reprogramming, flow analysis was performed at discrete time points using antibodies against positive and negative pluripotent stem cell markers. The combination of real-time visualization and flow analysis enables the quantitative study of reprogramming at different stages and provides a more accurate comparison of different systems and methods. Real-time, image-based analysis was used for the continuous monitoring of fibroblasts as they are reprogrammed in a feeder-free medium system. The kinetics of colony formation was measured based on confluence in the phase contrast or fluorescence channels after staining with live alkaline phosphatase dye or antibodies against SSEA4 or TRA-1-60. The results indicated that measurement of confluence provides semi-quantitative metrics to monitor the progression of reprogramming.
Introduction
Patientgenererade inducerade pluripotenta stamceller (iPSCs) är lovande verktyg för cellterapi och läkemedelsscreening. De ger en autolog källa av celler för terapi. Dessutom är de omfattar en mycket bred uppsättning av genetiska bakgrunder, vilket möjliggör en detaljerad in vitro analys av genetiska sjukdomar utöver vad nuvarande embryonal stamcell (ESC) linjer skulle tillåta. Nyligen gjorda framsteg har lett till utvecklingen av flera metoder för att generera iPSCs, inklusive omprogrammering med Sendai-virus, episomala plasmider eller mRNA 1,2. Noterbart är olika omprogrammering metoder i samband med olika nivåer av effektivitet och säkerhet, och kommer sannolikt att skilja sig på andra sätt som påverkar deras lämplighet för olika tillämpningar. Med tillgängligheten av en mångfald omprogrammering teknik, har det blivit viktigt att utveckla metoder för att bedöma den omprogrammering processen. De flesta existerande metoder förlitar sig på kvalitativ kontroll av morfologi eller färgningmed stamceller cellspecifika färgämnen och antikroppar. En nyligen utvecklad metod använder sig av lentivirala fluorescens reportrar som är känsliga för PSC specifika miRNA eller differentierade cellspecifika mRNA 3. Sådana övervakningsmetoder underlättar val och optimering av omprogrammering tekniker för olika situationer. Till exempel, har CDy1 använts som en fluorescerande sond för tidiga iPSCs för att screena för omprogrammering modulatorer 4. Förmågan att observera och jämföra olika omprogrammering experiment är också avgörande för att få en bättre förståelse av själva processen. Exempelvis är det nu känt att vissa somatiska celltyper är lättare att programmera än andra 5, och att celler går igenom mellanlägen under omprogrammering 6-8. Tyvärr, mekanismerna bakom omprogrammering processen fortfarande inte helt klarlagda och därmed de exakta skillnaderna mellan omprogrammering metoder förblir också defined. Således, metoder för att övervaka, bedöma och jämföra omprogrammering händelser fortsätter att vara avgörande för stamcellsområdet.
De metoder som beskrivs i detta protokoll tillåta övervakning och utvärdering av den omprogrammering processen och illustrerar hur dessa tekniker kan användas för att jämföra olika typer av omprogrammering reagens. Den första metoden innebär flödescytometri analyser med hjälp av kombinationer av antikroppar mot positiv och negativ pluripotenta stamceller (PSC) markörer. Den andra metoden par realtid avbildning och mätning av totalt sammanflödet (den procentuella yta som täcks av cellerna) och sammanflödet av markeringssignaler (den procentuella yta som täcks av fluorescerande signaler).
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This study provides strategies for monitoring and tracking of the reprogramming process using flow cytometry and real-time imaging-based analysis. The critical steps in the protocol are initiating reprogramming, measuring reprogramming progression based on marker expression and real-time monitoring of reprogramming. Any reprogramming method of choice can be used but here we focus on Sendai based reprogramming of human fibroblasts. The advantage of this method is the ease of use and consistent high efficiency of reprogram…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Författarna tackar Tchad MacArthur för bra diskussioner.
Materials
| DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAXSupplement, pyruvate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10569-010 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum, embryonic stem cell-qualified, US origin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 16141-061 | |
| MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 11140-050 | |
| Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 25300-054 | |
| Mouse (ICR) Inactivated Embryonic Fibroblasts | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A24903 | |
| Attachment Factor Protein (1X) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | S-006-100 | |
| DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10565-018 | |
| KnockOut Serum Replacement | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10828010 | |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 21985-023 | |
| Collagenase, Type IV, powder | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 17104-019 | |
| TrypLE Select Enzyme (1X), no phenol red | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 12563-011 | |
| DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 14190-144 | |
| Geltrex LDEV-Free, hESC-Qualified, Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A1413302 | |
| Essential 8 Medium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A1517001 | |
| FGF-Basic (AA 1-155) Recombinant Human Protein | Thermo Fisher Scientific | PHG0264 | |
| UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0 | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15575-020 | |
| Bovine Albumin Fraction V (7.5% solution) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15260-037 | |
| HEPES (1 M) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15630-080 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15140-122 | |
| InSolution Y-27632 | EMD Millipore | 688001 | |
| CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming Kit | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A1378001 | |
| CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A16517 | |
| Countess II Automated Cell Counter | Thermo Fisher Scientific | AMQAX1000 | |
| Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides | Thermo Fisher Scientific | C10228 | |
| BJ ATCC Human Foreskin Fibroblasts, Neonatal | ATCC | CRL-2522 | |
| DF1 Adult Human Dermal Fibroblast | Thermo Fisher Scientific | N/A | |
| BG01V/hOG Cells Variant hESC hOct4-GFP Reporter Cells | Thermo Fisher Scientific | R7799-105 | |
| IncuCyte ZOOM | Essen BioScience | ||
| SSEA-4 Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate (MC813-70) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | SSEA421 | |
| SSEA-4 Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate (eBioMC-813-70 (MC-813-70)) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A14810 | |
| SSEA-4 Antibody (MC813-70) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41-4000 | |
| TRA-1-60 Antibody (cl.A) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41-1000 | |
| CD44 Rat Anti-Human/Mouse mAb (clone IM7), PE-Cy5 conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A27094 | |
| CD44 Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate Kit for Live Cell Imaging | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A25528 | |
| CD44 Rat Anti-Human/Mouse mAb (Clone IM7) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | RM-5700 (no longer available) | |
| Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-11029 | |
| Goat anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-11007 | |
| Alkaline Phosphatase Live Stain | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A14353 | |
| TRA-1-60 Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate Kit for Live Cell Imaging | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A25618 | |
| CD24 Mouse Anti-Human mAb (clone SN3), FITC conjugate | Thermo Fisher Scientific | MHCD2401 | |
| beta-2 Microglobulin Antibody, FITC conjugate (B2M-01) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A15737 | |
| EpCAM / CD326 Antibody, FITC conjugate (VU-1D9) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A15755 | |
| CD73 / NT5E Antibody (7G2) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41-0200 | |
| VECTOR Red Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Substrate Kit | Vector Laboratories | SK-5100 | |
| Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 microscope | Carl Zeiss | 491912-0003-000 | |
| FlowJo Data Analysis Software | FLOJO, LLC | N/A | |
| Attune Accoustic Focusing Cytometer, Blue/Red Laser | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Use Attune NXT | |
| S3e Cell Sorter (488/561 nm) | BIO-RAD | 1451006 | |
| Falcon 12 x 75 mm Tube with Cell Strainer Cap | Corning | 352235 | |
| Falcon 15 mL, high-clarity, dome-seal screw cap | Corning | 352097 | |
| Falcon T-75 Flask | Corning | 353136 | |
| Falcon T-175 Flask | Corning | 353112 | |
| Falcon 6-well dish | Corning | 353046 | |
| HERAEUS HERACELL CO2 ROLLING INCUBATOR | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 51013669 | |
| Nonstick, RNase-free Microfuge Tubes, 1.5 mL | AM12450 | ||
| HulaMixer Sample Mixer | 15920D |
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