Udvikling af et antigen-drevet Colitis Model at studere Præsentation af antigener ved antigen-præsenterende celler for T-celler
Summary
In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation which affects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). One of the best ways to study the immunological mechanisms involved during the disease is the T cell transfer model of colitis. In this model, immunodeficient mice (RAG-/- recipients) are reconstituted with naive CD4+ T cells from healthy wild type hosts.
This model allows examination of the earliest immunological events leading to disease and chronic inflammation, when the gut inflammation perpetuates but does not depend on a defined antigen. To study the potential role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the disease process, it is helpful to have an antigen-driven disease model, in which a defined commensal-derived antigen leads to colitis. An antigen driven-colitis model has hence been developed. In this model OT-II CD4+ T cells, that can recognize only specific epitopes in the OVA protein, are transferred into RAG-/- hosts challenged with CFP-OVA-expressing E. coli. This model allows the examination of interactions between APCs and T cells in the lamina propria.
Introduction
Tarmen er den største overflade af kroppen, der er udsat for det ydre miljø. Store arrays af residente mikrober kolonisere menneskets tarm til dannelse af den intestinale mikroflora (eller mikroflora). Det skønnes at bestå af op til 100 billioner mikrobielle celler og udgør et af de tættest befolkede bakterielle levesteder kendte inden biologi 1-3. I GIT bakterier koloniserer en tarm niche, hvor de overlever og formerer 4. Til gengæld mikrobiota forlener værten med yderligere funktionelle funktioner, der ikke er kodet på dets genom en. F.eks mikrobiota stimulerer proliferation af epitelceller, producerer vitaminer, der er vært ikke kan producere selv, regulerer stofskiftet og beskytter mod patogener 4-6. På grund af denne fordelagtigt forhold, har nogle forfattere foreslået, at mennesker er "super-organismer" eller "holobionts", som er en blanding af bakterielle og menneskelige gener 7,8. I betragtning af den gavnlige virkning af mikrobiota på (human) vært, tarmens immunsystem skal tolerere kommensale mikrober at aktivere deres eksistens i lumen, men også dræbe patogener, der invaderer fra luminale side 9-11. Den intestinale immunsystem har udviklet mekanismer til at skelne mellem harmløse og potentielt skadelige luminale mikrober; men disse mekanismer er endnu ikke godt forstået 12. Fastholdelse intestinal integritet kræver en tæt reguleret immun homøostase at holde balancen mellem tolerance og immunitet 13. En ubalance i immun homøostase bidrager til induktion af tarmsygdomme, såsom inflammatorisk tarmsygdom (IBD) 3,14.
Der er to hovedtyper af IBD: Crohns sygdom (CD) og ulcerativ colitis (UC). Patienter med disse sygdomme normalt lider rektal blødning, svær diarré og mavesmerter 15,16. Den eneste årsag til IBD er stadigukendt, men en kombination af genetiske faktorer, miljømæssige påvirkninger og dysregulerede immunreaktioner kan være den vigtigste begivenhed for sygdomsudvikling 15.
Dyremodeller for IBD er blevet anvendt i over 50 år. I de seneste årtier er der udviklet nye IBD modelsystemer til at teste forskellige hypoteser om patogenesen af IBD 17,18. Den bedst karakteriseret model for kronisk colitis er T-celle-overførsel model, der inducerer forstyrrelse af T-celle-homeostase 19,20. Denne model indebærer overførsel naive T-celler fra immunkompetente mus i værter, der mangler T og B-celler (såsom RAG – / – og SCID-mus) 16,21. Udviklingen af sygdom i denne model overvåges i 3-10 uger ved at evaluere forekomsten af diarré, nedsat fysisk aktivitet, og tab af legemsvægt. Dette er så kaldes wasting syndrome 16. Sammenlignet med sunde mus den colonvæv af transplanterede værter er Thicker, kortere og tungere 16. Ved hjælp af T-celle transfer model, er det muligt at forstå, hvordan forskellige T-cellepopulationer kan bidrage til patogenesen af IBD 22. T-celle transfer model analyserer ikke samspillet mellem APC'er og T-celler i sygdomsprocessen ved et antigen-specifik måde. Det er blevet vist, at en interaktion mellem myeloide celler og lymfoide celler kunne være ansvarlig for udviklingen af tarmbetændelse 23. Selv om mange aspekter af IBD er blevet præciseret, de indledende begivenheder, der fører til udviklingen sygdommen skal stadig være klart forstået.
Det har vist sig, at i mangel af mikrobiota transfer colitis kan ikke etableres 24. For nylig, flere teorier tyder på, at IBD kunne være et resultat af et immunrespons mod kommensale bakterier 25. Forfattere har også foreslået, at kommensale bakterier er afgørende for at inducere inflammation i den distale tarm26. I kim fri (GF) dyr tarmens immunsystem er generelt svækkede 27,28, men en kolonisering af disse mus med en blanding af specifik-patogenfrie bakterier resulterer i udviklingen af det fuldt kompetente intestinal immunsystem 29. Derfor mikrobiota synes at være et centralt element i patogenesen af IBD, enten som en mekanisme, der disponerer for eller beskytter mod udvikling af tarmbetændelse 30,31. Nuværende teorier antyder, at IBD er et resultat af mikrobiel ubalance, kaldet dysbiosis, i genetisk disponerede patienter 32, men det er endnu ikke klart, om dysbiosis er årsagen eller konsekvensen af sygdommen 12. I betragtning af den rolle af mikroorganismer i udviklingen af IBD, in vitro eksperimenter viste, at CD4 + -T-celler kan aktiveres ved APC'er pulseret med tarmbakterier 33,34.
Endvidere er det blevet vist, at antigener fraforskellige kommensale bakteriearter, såsom E. coli, Bacteroides, Eubacterium og Proteus, kan aktivere CD4 + T-celler 35. Dette indikerer, at præsentation af bakterielle antigener til T-celler er vigtig for udviklingen af IBD. For at reducere kompleksiteten af flere antigener afledt af mikrofloraen i sygdomsforløbet, har en E.coli stamme blevet skabt, der producerer OVA-antigenet. Overførsel colitis blev induceret ved injektion af OVA-specifikke T-celler i RAG – / – dyr koloniseret med OVA-udtrykkende E. coli.
Denne model er baseret på nye oplysninger tyder på, at CX 3 CR1 + parlamentsmedlemmer, en stor celle delmængde i colon lamina propria (CLP) 36, interagerer med CD4 + T-celler under overførsel colitis 37. MP'er prøve tarmlumen for partikler antigen, såsom bakterier, ved hjælp af deres dendritter 36, 38,39. tidligere undersøgelserviste, at MP'er også kan tage op opløselige antigener, såsom OVA, der indføres i den intestinale lumen 40,41. I betragtning af den overflod af CX 3 CR1 + parlamentsmedlemmer i CLP, er det muligt, at disse celler kan prøve luminale bakterier og interagere med CD4 T-celler. Konfokal afbildning af mus transplanteret med OVA-specifikke CD4 + T-celler koloniseret med E. coli CFP-OVA, viser, at CX 3 CR1 + MP'er er i kontakt med OT-II CD4 + T-celle under udviklingen af antigen-drevet colitis. Denne model muliggør studiet af antigenpræsentation proces mellem intestinale APC'er og T-celler specifikke kun for bestemte antigen-udtrykkende bakterier i tarmlumen.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Som med enhver anden model, kan det antigen-drevne colitis model beskrevet ovenfor præsentere nogle spørgsmål, som investigator udfører teknikken skal være opmærksom på. Når injektion af OT-II / Rød + CD4 + T CD62L + celler i værter, skal investigator være meget blid og omhyggelig med at indsætte nålen ind i bughulen. I modsat fald kan resultere i rivning af tarmen af musen, der kan føre til døden, eller en subkutan administration af celler, som ikke vil fremkalde no…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
JHN is supported by the Swiss National Foundation (SNSF 310030_146290).
Materials
| LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani) | Difco | 244620 | |
| Rotary Shake | Reiss Laborbedarf e. K. | Model 3020 GFL | |
| 2 mm gap couvettes | Peqlab Biotechnologie GmbH | 71-2020 | |
| Glycerol | Sigma-Aldrich | G5516-100ML | |
| Gene Pulser Xcell system | BioRad Laboratories GmbH | 1652660 | |
| LB Agar, Miller (Luria-Bertani) | Difco | 244510 | |
| Ampicillin | Sigma-Aldrich | A9393-5G | |
| SOC Medium | Sigma-Aldrich | S1797-100ML | |
| High Pure Plasmid Isolation Kit | Roche | 11754777001 | |
| Agarose | Carl Roth GmbH & Co | 3810.1 | |
| EDTA | Sigma-Aldrich | E9884-100G | |
| Tris-HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | T5941 | |
| Glacial acetic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | 537020 | |
| Gel chamber | PEQLAB Biotechnology GmbH | 40-0708 | |
| Loading Dye | Thermo Fisher | R0611 | |
| GeneRuler 1 kb DNA Ladder | Thermo Fisher | SM0312 | |
| Ethidium bromide solution | Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG | 2218.3 | |
| Photo-documentation system | Decon Science Tech GmbH | DeVision G | |
| DNA sequencing | MWG-Biotech GmbH | ||
| Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | Biochrom | L182-50 | |
| Fluorescent microscope | Zeiss | HBO 100 | |
| Mini-PROTEAN Tetra System | Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH | 1658005 | |
| PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder | Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany | ||
| IstanBlue Solution | Expedeon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom | ||
| Nitrocellulose membrane | Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co. KG | 741280 | |
| Electro blotter | Biometra GmbH | 846-015-600 | |
| Bovine Serum Albumins (BSA) | Sigma-Aldrich | A6003-25G | |
| Anti-Ovalbumin antibody | Abcam | ab181688 | |
| Anti-rabbit IgG HRP | Sigma-Aldrich | A0545 | |
| Pierce ECL Plus Western Blotting Substrate | Pierce Biotechnology, Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc | 32132 | |
| Forene | Abbott | 2594.00.00 | |
| FBS | Invitrogen | 10500-064 | |
| Falcon Cell Strainers | Fischer Scientific | 08-771-19 | |
| Ammonium chloride | Sigma-Aldrich | 254134-5G | |
| Tris Base | Sigma-Aldrich | 10708976001 | |
| CD4+ CD62 L+ T isolation kit | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-093-227 | |
| MACS LS Columns | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-401 | |
| MACS MS Columns | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-201 | |
| MidiMACS Separator | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-302 | |
| MiniMACS Separator | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-102 | |
| MACS MultiStand | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-303 | |
| Feeding Needle 20G | SouthPointe Surgical Supply, Inc | FN-7903 | |
| Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10% | Sigma-Aldrich | HT501128 | |
| Paraffin | Sigma-Aldrich | 1496904 | |
| Hematoxylin | Sigma-Aldrich | H9627 | |
| Eosin Y | Sigma-Aldrich | 230251 | |
| Dithiothreitol | Sigma-Aldrich | D9779 | |
| Collagenase type VIII | Sigma-Aldrich | C-2139 | |
| Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium | AppliChem | A2044, 9050 | |
| Percoll (density 1.124 g/ml) | Biochrome | L-6145 | |
| Sodium azide | Sigma-Aldrich | 438456 | |
| Mouse BD Fc Block | BD Pharmingen | 553141 | |
| FITC-conjugated mAb binding Vß 5.1, 5.2 | BD Pharmingen | 553189 | |
| APC-conjugated mAb binding CD4 GK1.5 | eBioscience | 17-0041-83 | |
| FACS Calibur | BD Biosciences | ||
| FCS Express V3 software | DeNovo | ||
| Meta scanning confocal microscope | Zeiss | LSM 710 | |
| Zeiss Workstation | Zeiss | LSM 7 | |
| Zeiss ZEM software | Zeiss | v4.2.0.121 | |
| Maxisorp immuno plates | NUNC, Roskilde | 442404 | |
| Streptavidin conjugated alkaline phosphatase | Jackson Immuno Research | 016-050-084 | |
| Alkaline phosphatase substrate 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | 71768-5G | |
| mAb R4-6A2 | BD Biosciences | 551216 | |
| mAb XMG1.2 | BD Biosciences | 554410 | |
| TECAN microplate-ELISA reader | Tecan | ||
| EasyWin software | Tecan |
Riferimenti
- Backhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., Gordon, J. I. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 307, 1915-1920 (2005).
- Cario, E., Podolsky, D. K. Intestinal epithelial TOLLerance versus inTOLLerance of commensals. Mol Immunol. 42, 887-893 (2005).
- Sartor, R. B., Mazmanian, S. K. Intestinal Microbes in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1, 15-21 (2012).
- Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunes, L. C., Finlay, B. B. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 90, 859-904 (2010).
- Metges, C. C. Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host. J Nutr. 130, 1857S-1864S (2000).
- Rossi, M., Amaretti, A., Raimondi, S. Folate production by probiotic bacteria. Nutrients. 3, 118-134 (2011).
- Ley, R. E., Peterson, D. A., Gordon, J. I. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell. 124, 837-848 (2006).
- Sleator, R. D. The human superorganism – of microbes and men. Med Hypotheses. 74, 214-215 (2010).
- Kumar, H., Kawai, T., Akira, S. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol. 30, 16-34 (2011).
- Kumar, H., Kawai, T., Akira, S. Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response. Biochem J. 420, 1-16 (2009).
- Smith, P. M., Garrett, W. S. The gut microbiota and mucosal T cells. Front Microbiol. 2, 111 (2011).
- Fava, F., Danese, S. Intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: friend of foe?. World J Gastroenterol. 17, 557-566 (2011).
- Mazmanian, S. K., Liu, C. H., Tzianabos, A. O., Kasper, D. L. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell. 122, 107-118 (2005).
- Muzes, G., Molnar, B., Tulassay, Z., Sipos, F. Changes of the cytokine profile in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 18, 5848-5861 (2012).
- Koboziev, I., Karlsson, F., Grisham, M. B. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1207 Suppl. 1207, E86-E93 (2010).
- Ostanin, D. V., et al. T cell transfer model of chronic colitis: concepts, considerations, and tricks of the trade. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 296, G135-G146 (2009).
- Elson, C. O., Sartor, R. B., Tennyson, G. S., Riddell, R. H. Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 109, 1344-1367 (1995).
- Boismenu, R., Chen, Y. Insights from mouse models of colitis. J Leukoc Biol. 67, 267-278 (2000).
- Powrie, F., Leach, M. W., Mauze, S., Caddle, L. B., Coffman, R. L. Phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells induce or protect from chronic intestinal inflammation in C. B-17 scid mice. Int Immunol. 5, 1461-1471 (1993).
- Rivera-Nieves, J., et al. Emergence of perianal fistulizing disease in the SAMP1/YitFc mouse, a spontaneous model of chronic ileitis. Gastroenterology. 124, 972-982 (2003).
- Ostanin, D. V., et al. T cell-induced inflammation of the small and large intestine in immunodeficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 290, G109-G119 (2006).
- Barnett, M., Fraser, A., O’Connor, M. Animal Models of Colitis: Lessons Learned, and Their Relevance to the Clinic. Ulcerative Colitis – Treatments, Special Populations and the Future. , (2011).
- Reindl, W., Weiss, S., Lehr, H. A., Forster, I. Essential crosstalk between myeloid and lymphoid cells for development of chronic colitis in myeloid-specific signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-deficient mice. Immunology. 120, 19-27 (2007).
- Yoshida, M., et al. CD4 T cells monospecific to ovalbumin produced by Escherichia coli can induce colitis upon transfer to BALB/c and SCID mice. Int Immunol. 13, 1561-1570 (2001).
- Eun, C. S., et al. Induction of bacterial antigen-specific colitis by a simplified human microbiota consortium in gnotobiotic interleukin-10-/- mice. Infect Immun. 82, 2239-2246 (2014).
- Nell, S., Suerbaum, S., Josenhans, C. The impact of the microbiota on the pathogenesis of IBD: lessons from mouse infection models. Nat Rev Microbiol. 8, 564-577 (2010).
- Chinen, T., Rudensky, A. Y. The effects of commensal microbiota on immune cell subsets and inflammatory responses. Immunol Rev. 245, 45-55 (2012).
- Dimmitt, R. A., et al. Role of postnatal acquisition of the intestinal microbiome in the early development of immune function. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 51, 262-273 (2010).
- Cebra, J. J., Periwal, S. B., Lee, G., Lee, F., Shroff, K. E. Development and maintenance of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT): the roles of enteric bacteria and viruses. Dev Immunol. 6, 13-18 (1998).
- Ohkusa, T., Nomura, T., Sato, N. The role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Intern Med. 43, 534-539 (2004).
- van Lierop, P. P., Samsom, J. N., Escher, J. C., Nieuwenhuis, E. E. Role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 48, 142-151 (2009).
- Kaur, N., Chen, C. C., Luther, J., Kao, J. Y. Intestinal dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 2, 211-216 (2011).
- Trobonjaca, Z., et al. MHC-II-independent CD4+ T cells induce colitis in immunodeficient RAG-/- hosts. J Immunol. 166, 3804-3812 (2001).
- Brimnes, J., Reimann, J., Nissen, M., Claesson, M. Enteric bacterial antigens activate CD4(+) T cells from scid mice with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Immunol. 31, 23-31 (2001).
- Cong, Y., et al. CD4+ T cells reactive to enteric bacterial antigens in spontaneously colitic C3H/HeJBir mice: increased T helper cell type 1 response and ability to transfer disease. J Exp Med. 187, 855-864 (1998).
- Niess, J. H., et al. CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science. 307, 254-258 (2005).
- Rossini, V., et al. CX3CR1(+) cells facilitate the activation of CD4 T cells in the colonic lamina propria during antigen-driven colitis. Mucosal Immunol. 7, 533-548 (2014).
- Vallon-Eberhard, A., Landsman, L., Yogev, N., Verrier, B., Jung, S. Transepithelial pathogen uptake into the small intestinal lamina propria. J Immunol. 176, 2465-2469 (2006).
- Chieppa, M., Rescigno, M., Huang, A. Y., Germain, R. N. Dynamic imaging of dendritic cell extension into the small bowel lumen in response to epithelial cell TLR engagement. J Exp Med. 203, 2841-2852 (2006).
- Farache, J., et al. Luminal Bacteria Recruit CD103(+) Dendritic Cells into the Intestinal Epithelium to Sample Bacterial Antigens for Presentation. Immunity. , (2013).
- Farache, J., Zigmond, E., Shakhar, G., Jung, S. Contributions of dendritic cells and macrophages to intestinal homeostasis and immune defense. Immunol Cell Biol. 91, 232-239 (2013).
- Schirmbeck, R., et al. Translation from cryptic reading frames of DNA vaccines generates an extended repertoire of immunogenic, MHC class I-restricted epitopes. J Immunol. 174, 4647-4656 (2005).
- Balestrino, D., et al. Single-cell techniques using chromosomally tagged fluorescent bacteria to study Listeria monocytogenes infection processes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76, 3625-3636 (2010).
- Ortega-Gonzalez, M., et al. Validation of bovine glycomacropeptide as an intestinal anti-inflammatory nutraceutical in the lymphocyte-transfer model of colitis. Br J Nutr. 111, 1202-1212 (2014).
- Capitan-Canadas, F., et al. Fructooligosaccharides exert intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in the CD4+ CD62L+ T cell transfer model of colitis in C57BL/6J mice. Eur J Nutr. , (2015).
- Salazar-Gonzalez, R. M., et al. CCR6-mediated dendritic cell activation of pathogen-specific T cells in Peyer’s patches. Immunity. 24, 623-632 (2006).
- Niess, J. H., Leithauser, F., Adler, G., Reimann, J. Commensal gut flora drives the expansion of proinflammatory CD4 T cells in the colonic lamina propria under normal and inflammatory conditions. J Immunol. 180, 559-568 (2008).
- Radulovic, K., et al. CD69 regulates type I IFN-induced tolerogenic signals to mucosal CD4 T cells that attenuate their colitogenic potential. J Immunol. 188, 2001-2013 (2012).
- Mowat, A. M., Agace, W. W. Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 14, 667-685 (2014).
- Manta, C., et al. CX(3)CR1(+) macrophages support IL-22 production by innate lymphoid cells during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Mucosal Immunol. 6 (3), 177-188 (2013).
- Feng, T., Wang, L., Schoeb, T. R., Elson, C. O., Cong, Y. Microbiota innate stimulation is a prerequisite for T cell spontaneous proliferation and induction of experimental colitis. J Exp Med. 207, 1321-1332 (2010).
- Mazzini, E., Massimiliano, L., Penna, G., Rescigno, M. Oral tolerance can be established via gap junction transfer of fed antigens from CX3CR1(+) macrophages to CD103(+) dendritic cells. Immunity. 40, 248-261 (2014).
- Fitzpatrick, L. R. Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Targeting Key Intracellular Pathways and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis. Int J Inflam. 2012, 389404 (2012).
- Danese, S. New therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: from the bench to the bedside. Gut. 61, 918-932 (2012).
