Laser-assisteret Cytoplasmatisk Mikroinjektion i Livestock Zygoter
Summary
This protocol shows how to perform cytoplasmic microinjection in farm animal zygotes. This technique can be used to deliver any solution into the one-cell embryo such as genome editing tools to generate knockout animals.
Abstract
Cytoplasmic microinjection into one-cell embryos is a very powerful technique. As an example, it enables the delivery of genome editing tools that can create genetic modifications that will be present in every cell of an adult organism. It can also be used to deliver siRNA, mRNAs or blocking antibodies to study gene function in preimplantation embryos. The conventional technique for microinjecting embryos used in rodents consists of a very thin micropipette that directly penetrates the plasma membrane when advanced into the embryo. When this technique is applied to livestock animals it usually results in low efficiency. This is mainly because in contrast to mice and rats, bovine, ovine, and porcine zygotes have a very dark cytoplasm and a highly elastic plasma membrane that makes visualization during injection and penetration of the plasma membrane hard to achieve. In this protocol, we describe a suitable microinjection method for the delivery of solutions into the cytoplasm of cattle zygotes that has proved to be successful for sheep and pig embryos as well. First, a laser is used to create a hole in the zona pellucida. Then a blunt-end glass micropipette is introduced through the hole and advanced until the tip of the needle reaches about 3/4 into the embryo. Then, the plasma membrane is broken by aspiration of cytoplasmic content inside the needle. Finally, the aspirated cytoplasmic content followed by the solution of interest is injected back into the embryonic cytoplasm. This protocol has been successfully used for the delivery of different solutions into bovine and ovine zygotes with 100% efficiency, minimal lysis, and normal blastocysts development rates.
Introduction
Cytoplasmatisk mikroinjektion af 1-celle embryoer er en meget kraftfuld teknik. Det kan bruges til afgivelse af enhver løsning i embryonet til for eksempel at producere gen-knock-outs at studere genfunktion eller til at generere gen-redigerede dyr. Mest landbrugsmæssigt-relevante farm animal zygoter har en meget høj fedtsyresammensætning, der gør deres cytoplasma uigennemsigtig og mørke 1. De har også en forholdsvis elastisk plasmamembran (PM). Disse egenskaber gør mikroinjektion hjælp konventionel pronukleær / cytoplasmatisk injektion som anvendt hos gnavere udfordrende og ofte unøjagtige.
Cytoplasmatisk mikroinjektion har fordele i forhold pronukleær mikroinjektion, da det er lettere at udføre og forårsager også mindre skade på de injicerede embryoner, hvilket resulterer i højere 2 levedygtighed. Det overordnede mål med denne protokol er at demonstrere en succesfuld metode til at levere løsninger i cytoplasmaet af husdyrgenetiske zygoter. For at kunne udførecytoplasmatisk mikroinjektion med høj effektivitet på husdyr embryoer, er en laser anvendes til at frembringe et hul i zona pellucida (ZP) og derefter en stump-ende glas nål anvendes til mikroinjektion. Denne strategi har til formål at reducere mekanisk skade trykt på fosteret under injektion. Derefter, aspiration af cytoplasmatisk indhold inde kanylen muliggør effektiv og tillid brud på PM sikre, at opløsningen er leveret i cytoplasmaet af embryoet.
Denne teknik er allerede blevet brugt med held i kvægembryoner at levere siRNA i zygotisk cytoplasma 3,4 og skabe mutationer ved hjælp af klynger regelmæssigt spatierede korte palindrome gentagelser (CRISPR) / CRISPR tilknyttet systemet 9 (Cas9) systemet 5. Den er også egnet (med mindre modifikationer) til at injicere bovine cumulus-oocyter 6. Her beskriver vi vores injektionsprotokol levere et farvestof, der kan være anvendelig til at injicere enhver desIRED opløsningen i zygote, og vise, at bruge denne teknik forårsager minimal lyse og ikke påvirker tidlig embryo udvikling.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Mikroinjektion af zygoter er en veletableret metode til at indføre løsninger i mammale embryoer. Med visse variationer afhængige af arten og formålet med eksperimentet, kan denne teknik anvendes bredt. Vi viser, hvordan man udfører intracytoplasmatisk mikroinjektion anvendelse af en laser til at bistå indgangen af en stump-ende mikropipette. Zygoter af nogle dyrearter (såsom kvæg, får og svin) har en mørk cytoplasma, hindrer visualisering af injektionspipetten gang inde embryoet. Også deres plasma membr…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Work related to this technique is supported by NIH/NICHD RO1 HD070044 and USDA/NIFA Hatch projects W-3171 and W-2112.
Materials
| Micropipette puller | Sutter Instrument | P-97 | |
| Glass capillary | Sutter instruments | B100-75-10 | These capillaries are used for making the holding and injecting pipettes. Any thick/standard wall borosilicate tubing without filament can be used. |
| Microforge | Narishige | MF-9 | Equipped with 10X magnification lense. |
| Micromanipulator | Nikon/ Narishige | NT88-V3 | |
| Inverted microscope | Nikon | TE2000-U | Equipped with 4x, 20x lenses and with a laser system. |
| Laser | Research Instruments | 7-47-500 | Saturn 5 Active laser. |
| Microdispenser | Drummond | 3-000-105 | The microdispenser is used to move the embryos. A p10 pipette can also be used but loading as minimal volume as possible. |
| 60mm culture dish | Corning | 430166 | Use the lid of the dish to make the injection plate since they have lower walls and will make positioning and moving of the micropipettes with the micromanipulator easier. |
| 35mm culture dish | Corning | 430165 | These dishes are used for culturing the embryos in 50μl drops covered with mineral oil. Alternatively, a 4 well dish can also be used. Regardless of the dish chosen to culture the embryos, they always have to be equilibrated in the incubator for at least 4 hours prior to transfering the embryos to them. |
| Incubator | Sanyo | MCO-19AIC | Any incubator that can be set to 38.5°C 5% CO2 conditions can be used. |
| Stereomicroscope | Nikon | SMZ800 | Used for visualizing the embryos in the culture drops and during washes. Any stereomicroscope with a 10x magnification can be used. |
| Control Unit HT | Minitube | 12055/0400 | Heating system attached to the stereomicroscope. |
| Heated Microscope Stage | Minitube | 12055/0003 | Heating system attached to the stereomicroscope. |
| Dextran-Red | Thermo Scientific | D1828 | A sterile 10mg/ml solution is used to inject. |
| Mineral Oil | sigma | M8410 | Keep the mineral oil at room temperature and protected from light using foil paper. |
| KSOMaa Evolve Bovine | Zenit | ZEBV-100 | Supplemented with 4mg/ml BSA. KSOM plates for embryo culture should be equilibrated in an incubator for at least 4 hours before use. |
| FBS | Gemini-Bio | 100-525 | Use a stem-cell qualified FBS. |
| Zygotes | Zygotes are injected 17-20 hpf and can be in-vitro- or in-vivo-derived. | ||
| NaCl | Sigma | S5886 | Final concentration: 107.7mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| KCl | Sigma | P5405 | Final concentration: 7.16mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| KH2PO4 | Sigma | P5655 | Final concentration: 1.19mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| MgCL2 6H2O | Sigma | M2393 | Final concentration: 0.49mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| Sodium DL-lactate | Sigma | L4263 | Final concentration: 5.3mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| CaCl2-2H2O | Sigma | C7902 | Final concentration: 1.71mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| D-(−)-Fructose | Sigma | F3510 | Final concentration: 0.5mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| HEPES | Sigma | H4034 | Final concentration: 21mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| MEM-NEAA | Sigma | M7145 | Final concentration: 1X. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| BME-EAA | Sigma | B6766 | Final concentration: 1X. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| NaHCO3 | Sigma | S5761 | Final concentration: 4mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| Sodium pyruvate | Sigma | P4562 | Final concentration: 0.33mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| Glutamax | Gibco | 35050 | Final concentration: 1mM. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| BSA | Sigma | A-3311 | Final concentration: 1mg/ml. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| Gentamicin | Sigma | G-1397 | Final concentration: 5μg/ml. Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| Water for embryo transfer | Sigma | W1503 | Component of SOF-HEPES medium. |
| SOF-HEPES medium | Made in the lab | pH 7.3-7.4, 280±10 mOs. Filter sterilized through a 22μm filter can be stored in the fridge at 4° C for 1 month. Warm in 37 °C water bath before use. |
Riferimenti
- McEvoy, T., Coull, G., Broadbent, P., Hutchinson, J., Speake, B. Fatty acid composition of lipids in immature cattle, pig and sheep oocytes with intact zona pellucida. J Reprod Fertil. 118 (1), 163-170 (2000).
- Brinster, R. L., Chen, H. Y., Trumbauer, M. E., Yagle, M. K., Palmiter, R. D. Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 82 (13), 4438-4442 (1985).
- Ross, P. J., et al. Parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes using bovine and murine phospholipase C zeta. BMC Dev Biol. 8 (1), (2008).
- Canovas, J., Cibelli, J. B., Ross, P. J. Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 regulates histone 3 lysine 27 methylation during bovine preimplantation development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (7), 2400-2405 (2012).
- Bogliotti, Y. S., et al. 4 Developmental outcomes and effiency of two CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection methods in bovine zygotes. Reprod Fertil Dev. 27 (1), 94-94 (2015).
- Bakhtari, A., Ross, P. J. DPPA3 prevents cytosine hydroxymethylation of the maternal pronucleus and is required for normal development in bovine embryos. Epigenetics. 9 (9), 1271-1279 (2014).
- Yaul, M., Bhatti, R., Lawrence, S. Evaluating the process of polishing borosilicate glass capillaries used for fabrication of in-vitro fertilization (iVF) micro-pipettes. Biomed Microdevices. 10 (1), 123-128 (2008).
- Sutter Instrument. . Pipette Cookbook 2015 P-97 & P-1000 Micropipette Pullers. , (2015).
- Sutter Instrument. . P-97 Flaming/BrownTM Micropipette Puller Operation Manual Rev. 2.30 – DOM (20140825). , (2014).
- Cibelli, J. B., Lanza, R. P., Campbell, K. H. S., West, M. D. . Principles of cloning. , (2002).
- Wang, B., et al. Expression of a reporter gene after microinjection of mammalian artificial chromosomes into pronuclei of bovine zygotes. Mol Reprod Dev. 60 (4), 433-438 (2001).
