Produksjonen av Pluripotent stamceller fra mus fostervann Cells Ved hjelp av en Transposon System
Summary
In this study, we generate induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system.
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using different methods. Here, we produced iPS cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system. All obtained iPS cell lines exhibited characteristics of pluripotent cells, including the ability to differentiate toward derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens up the possibility of using cells from diseased fetuses to develop new therapies for birth defects.
Introduction
Fosterdiagnostikk er et viktig klinisk verktøy for å evaluere genetiske sykdommer (dvs. kromosomavvik, monogenetic eller polygenetisk / multifaktoriell sykdommer) og medfødte misdannelser (dvs. medfødt diafragma brokk, cystisk lungelesjoner, exomphalos, gastroschise). Fostervann (AF) celler er enkle å få tak i fra rutinemessig fastsatte prosedyrer i andre trimester av svangerskapet (dvs. fostervannsprøve og amnioreduction) eller keisersnitt 1, 2. Tilgjengeligheten av AF-celler fra prenatal eller nyfødte gir mulighet for å bruke denne kilde for regenerativ medisin, og flere forskere undersøkt muligheten for å behandle forskjellige vev skader eller sykdommer ved hjelp av en stilk cellepopulasjon isolert fra AF 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Muligheten for lett å skaffe AF-celler fra syke pasienter, etter et tidsvindu der sykdommen er ofte stasjonær, åpner veien til ideen om å bruke denne celle kilde for omprogrammering formål. Faktisk kan induseres pluripotent stammen (IPS) celler avledet fra AF-celler differensieres i cellene av interesse for in vitro legemiddeltesting eller vev for tekniske fremgangsmåter, for å fremstille en tilfredsstillende pasientspesifikk behandling før fødsel. Mange studier har allerede demonstrert evne til AF-celler til å være nytt og differensiert i et bredt spekter av celletyper 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 </ sup>, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Siden oppdagelsen av Takahashi og Yamanaka 28 av omprogrammerte somatiske celler gjennom tvungen uttrykk av fire transkripsjonsfaktorer (Oct4, Sox2, cMyc og Klf4), er det gjort framgang innen omprogrammering. Tatt i betraktning de ulike metoder, kan vi skille mellom viral og ikke-virale tilnærminger. Den første forventer at bruken av virale vektorer (retrovirus og lentivirus), som har høy virkningsgrad, men vanligvis er ufullstendig stanse av den retrovirale transgenet, med både er konsekvensen av en delvis omprogrammeres cellelinje og risiko forinsertional mutagenese 29, 30, 31. Den ikke-viral metoden bruker ulike strategier: dvs. plasmider, vektorer, mRNA, protein, transposoner. Avledning av iPS celler uten transgene sekvenser tar sikte på å omgå de potensielt skadelige effektene av utett transgene uttrykk og insertional mutagenese. Blant alle de ovennevnte ikke-virale strategier, krever PiggyBac (PB) transposon / transposase-systemet bare de inverterte terminale gjentakelser flankerende et transgen og forbigående ekspresjon av transposase enzym for å katalysere innsetting eller eksisjons- hendelser 32. Fordelen ved bruk av transposoner i forhold til andre fremgangsmåter for IPS celle generasjon er muligheten for å oppnå vektorfrie iPS-celler med en ikke-viral vektor tilnærming som viser den samme effektivitet av retrovirale vektorer. Dette er mulig ved spor mindre fjerning av den integrerte transposon som koder for reprogramming faktorer etter en ny forbigående uttrykk for transposase i iPS celler 33. Gitt at PB er effektiv i forskjellige celletyper 34, 35, 36, 37, er mer egnet for en klinisk tilnærming med hensyn til virale vektorer, og gjør det mulig for produksjon av Xeno-fri iPS celler i motsetning til dagens viral produksjon protokoller som bruker xenobiotisk betingelser, blir dette systemet anvendt for å oppnå iPS celler fra murin AF.
Her foreslår vi en detaljert protokoll etter allerede publiserte arbeider for å vise produksjonen av pluripotente iPS kloner fra mus AF celler (iPS-AF celler) 38.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Den velges for å oppnå den induksjon av pluripotency metode er relevant for celle kliniske sikkerheten med hensyn til langtids transplantasjon. I dag finnes det flere metoder som er egnet for omprogrammering. Blant de ikke-integrerende metoder, er Sendai viral (SeV) vektor et RNA-virus som kan produsere store mengder protein uten å integrere inn i kjernen av de infiserte celler 40 og kan være en strategi for å få iPS-celler. Sev vektorer kan være en attraktiv kandidat for generering av tra…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by CARIPARO Foundation Grant number 13/04 and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza Grant number 10/02. Martina Piccoli, Chiara Franzin and Michela Pozzobon are funded by Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza. Enrica Bertin is funded by CARIPARO Foundation Grant number 13/04. Paolo De Coppi is funded by Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity.
Materials
| 100 mm Bacterial-grade Petri Dishes | BD Falcon | 351029 | For in vitro differentiation |
| 2-mercaptoethanol | Sigma | M6250 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Alexa568-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A21043 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alexa594-conjugated chicken anti-goat IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A21468 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alexa594-conjugated chicken anti-rabbit IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A21442 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alexa594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A11005 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alkaline Phosphatase kit | Sigma | 85L1 | Alkaline Phosphatase staining |
| Ampicillin | Sigma | A0166 | For bacterial selection |
| Bovine Serum Albumin | Sigma | A7906 | BSA, for blocking solution. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| Chloroform | Sigma | C2432 | For RNA extraction |
| DH5α cells | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 18265-017 | Bacteria for cloning procedure |
| Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41965039 | For MEF, mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Doxycycline | Sigma | D9891 | For exogenous factors expression |
| Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 mL) | Sarstedt | 72.706 | For PB production |
| ES FBS | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10439024 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| FBS | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10270106 | For MEF medium |
| Fine point forceps | F.S.T | Dumont #5 | AF isolation |
| Gelatin | J.T.Baker | 131 | Used 0.1%, diluted in PBS 1X |
| Glycine | Bio-Rad | 161-0718 | For blocking solution. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| Haematoxylin QS | Vector Laboratories | H3404 | Nuclei detection |
| HE | Bio-Optica | 04-061010 | Histological analysis of teratoma |
| Hoechst | Thermo Fisher Scientific | H3570 | Nuclei detection |
| Horse Serum | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 16050-122 | For blocking solution |
| HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG | SantaCruz | sc2005 | Secondary antibody (immunoperoxidase) |
| ImmPACT NovaRED | Vector Laboratories | SK4805 | Peroxidase substrate |
| Insulin syringe with needle (25G) | Terumo | SS+01H25161 | Amniocentesis procedure |
| Klf4 | SantaCruz | sc-20691 | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
| L-glutamine | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 25030 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| LB broth (Lennox) | Sigma | L3022 | For bacterial growth |
| LIF | Sigma | L5158 | For mouse AF and iPS-AF cells medium |
| Matrigel | BD | 354234 | For in vitro differentiation. Diluted 1:10 in DMEM |
| Methanol | Sigma | 32213 | Peroxidase blocking |
| MULTIWELL 24 well plate | BD Falcon | 353047 | For in vitro differentiation |
| MULTIWELL 6 well plate | BD Falcon | 353046 | For MEF, mouse AF and iPS-AF cells culture |
| Nanog | ReproCELL | RCAB0002P-F | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
| Non-essential amino acids | Sigma | M7145 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Normal Goat Serum | Vector Laboratories | S2000 | For blocking solution. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| NP-40 | Sigma | 12087-87-0 | For cell permeabilization. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| Oct4 | SantaCruz | sc-5279 | Mouse monoclonal IgG2b |
| Oligo (dT) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 18418012 | For RT-PCR |
| Paraformaldehyde (solution) | Sigma | 441244 | PFA, fixative, diluted in PBS |
| PBS 10X | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 14200-067 | D-PBS, free of Ca2+/Mg2+. Diluted with sterile water to obtain PBS 1X |
| Penicillin – Streptomycin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15070063 | For MEF, mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Petri Dish (150mm) | BD Falcon | 353025 | For MEF culture, tissue culture |
| PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid | Provided by professor Andras Nagy laboratory | – | mPBase |
| PiggyBac-tetO2-IRES-OKMS transposon plasmid | Provided by professor Andras Nagy laboratory | – | PB-tetO2-IRES-OKMS |
| QIAprep Spin Maxiprep Kit | Qiagen | 12663 | For plasmids purification |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | For plasmids purification |
| Reverse tetracycline transactivator transposon plasmid | Provided by professor Andras Nagy laboratory | – | rtTA |
| RNeasy Mini Kit | Qiagen | 74134 | For RNA extraction |
| Sox2 | SantaCruz | sc-17320 | Goat polyclonal IgG |
| SSEA1 | Abcam | ab16285 | Mouse monoclonal IgM |
| SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 18064-014 | For RT-PCR |
| T | Abcam | ab20680 | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
| Taq DNA Polymerase | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10342020 | PCR |
| Trypsin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 25300-054 | Cell culture passaging |
| Triton X-100 | Bio-Rad | 161-047 | For cell permeabilization, diluted in PBS 1X |
| TRIzol Reagent | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15596-026 | For RNA extraction |
| Tubb3 | Promega | G712A | Mouse monoclonal IgG1 |
| TWEEN-20 | Sigma | P1379 | For cell permeabilization, diluted in PBS 1X |
| αfp | R&D Systems | MAB1368 | Mouse Monoclonal IgG1 |
| αSMA | Abcam | ab7817 | Mouse Monoclonal IgG2a |
| Transfection Reagent (FuGENE HD) | Promega | E2311 | For AF cells transfection |
| Stereomicroscope | Nikon | SM2645 | To perform amniocentesis |
| 200 ul tips | Sarstedt | 70.760012 | To pick bacteria colonies |
| Scissor | F.S.T | 14094-11 stainless 25U | To perform amniocentesis |
| Ethanol | Sigma | 2860 | To clean the abdominal wall of the pregnant dam |
| Tissue culture petri dish (150 mm) | BD Falcon | 353025 | For MEF expansion |
| Mitomycin C | Sigma | M4287-2MG | For MEF inactivation |
| MULTIWELL 96 well plate | BD Falcon | 353071 | For iPS-AF culture |
Riferimenti
- You, Q., et al. Isolation of human mesenchymal stem cells from third-trimester amniotic fluid. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 103 (2), 149-152 (2008).
- Prusa, A. R., Hengstschlager, M. Amniotic fluid cells and human stem cell research: a new connection. Med Sci Monit. 8 (11), RA253-RA257 (2002).
- Ditadi, A., et al. Human and murine amniotic fluid c-Kit+ Lin- cells display hematopoietic activity. Blood. 113 (17), 3953-3960 (2009).
- Piccoli, M., et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells restore the muscle cell niche in a HSA-Cre, Smn(F7/F7) mouse model. Stem Cells. 30 (8), 1675-1684 (2012).
- Zani, A., et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells improve survival and enhance repair of damaged intestine in necrotising enterocolitis via a COX-2 dependent mechanism. Gut. 63 (2), 300-309 (2014).
- Rota, C., et al. Human amniotic fluid stem cell preconditioning improves their regenerative potential. Stem Cells Dev. 21 (11), 1911-1923 (2012).
- Mirabella, T., et al. Pro-angiogenic soluble factors from Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells mediate the recruitment of endothelial progenitors in a model of ischemic fasciocutaneous flap. Stem Cells Dev. 21 (12), 2179-2188 (2012).
- Mirabella, T., Cili, M., Carlone, S., Cancedda, R., Gentili, C. Amniotic liquid derived stem cells as reservoir of secreted angiogenic factors capable of stimulating neo-arteriogenesis in an ischemic model. Biomaterials. 32 (15), 3689-3699 (2011).
- Yeh, Y. C., et al. Cardiac repair with injectable cell sheet fragments of human amniotic fluid stem cells in an immune-suppressed rat model. Biomaterials. 31 (25), 6444-6453 (2010).
- Kim, J. A., et al. MYOD mediates skeletal myogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells and regeneration of muscle injury. Stem Cell Res Ther. 4 (6), 147 (2013).
- Vadasz, S., et al. Second and third trimester amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells can repopulate a de-cellularized lung scaffold and express lung markers. J Pediatr Surg. 49 (11), 1554-1563 (2014).
- Turner, C. G., et al. Preclinical regulatory validation of an engineered diaphragmatic tendon made with amniotic mesenchymal stem cells. J Pediatr Surg. 46 (1), 57-61 (2011).
- Galende, E., et al. Amniotic Fluid Cells Are More Efficiently Reprogrammed to Pluripotency Than Adult Cells. Cloning Stem Cells. 12 (2), 117-125 (2009).
- Li, C., et al. Pluripotency can be rapidly and efficiently induced in human amniotic fluid-derived cells. Hum Mol Genet. 18 (22), 4340-4349 (2009).
- Ye, L., et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells offer new approach to therapy in thalassemia and sickle cell anemia and option in prenatal diagnosis in genetic diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (24), 9826-9830 (2009).
- Wolfrum, K., et al. The LARGE Principle of Cellular Reprogramming: Lost, Acquired and Retained Gene Expression in Foreskin and Amniotic Fluid-Derived Human iPS Cells. PLoS ONE. 5 (10), 137-138 (2010).
- Ye, L., et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using site-specific integration with phage integrase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (45), 19467-19472 (2010).
- Lu, H. E., et al. Selection of alkaline phosphatase-positive induced pluripotent stem cells from human amniotic fluid-derived cells by feeder-free system. Exp Cell Res. 317 (13), 1895-1903 (2011).
- Lu, H. E., et al. Modeling Neurogenesis Impairment in Down Syndrome with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Trisomy 21 Amniotic Fluid Cells. Exp Cell Res. 319 (4), 498-505 (2012).
- Kobari, L., et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can reach complete terminal maturation: in vivo and in vitro evidence in the erythropoietic differentiation model. Haematologica. 97 (12), 1795-1803 (2012).
- Li, Q., Fan, Y., Sun, X., Yu, Y. Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Amniotic Fluid Cells by Reprogramming with Two Factors in Feeder-free Conditions. J Reprod Dev. 59 (1), 72-77 (2012).
- Fan, Y., Luo, Y., Chen, X., Li, Q., Sun, X. Generation of Human β-thalassemia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Single Excisable Lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette. J Reprod Dev. 58 (4), 404-409 (2012).
- Liu, T., et al. High efficiency of reprogramming CD34+ cells derived from human amniotic fluid into induced pluripotent stem cells with Oct4. Stem Cells Dev. 21 (12), 2322-2332 (2012).
- Jiang, G., et al. Human transgene-free amniotic-fluid-derived induced pluripotent stem cells for autologous cell therapy. Stem Cells Dev. 23 (21), 2613-2625 (2014).
- Drozd, A. M., et al. Generation of human iPSC from cells of fibroblastic and epithelial origin by means of the oriP/EBNA-1 episomal reprogramming system. Stem Cell Res Ther. 6 (122), (2015).
- Moschidou, D., et al. Human mid-trimester amniotic fluid stem cells cultured under embryonic stem cell conditions with Valproic acid acquire pluripotent characteristics. Stem Cells Dev. 22 (3), 444-458 (2012).
- Moschidou, D., et al. Valproic Acid Confers Functional Pluripotency to Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells in a Transgene-free Approach. Mol Ther. 20 (10), 1953-1967 (2012).
- Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).
- Mikkelsen, T. S., et al. Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysis. Nature. 454 (7200), 49-55 (2008).
- Sridharan, R., et al. Role of the murine reprogramming factors in the induction of pluripotency. Cell. 136 (2), 364-377 (2009).
- Knight, S., Collins, M., Takeuchi, Y. Insertional mutagenesis by retroviral vectors: current concepts and methods of analysis. Curr Gene Ther. 13 (3), 211-227 (2013).
- Fraser, M. J., Ciszczon, T., Elick, T., Bauser, C. Precise excision of TTAA-specific lepidopteran transposons piggyBac (IFP2) and tagalong (TFP3) from the baculovirus genome in cell lines from two species of Lepidoptera. Insect Mol Biol. 5 (2), 141-151 (1996).
- Woltjen, K., Kim, S. I., Nagy, A. The PiggyBac Transposon as a Platform Technology for Somatic Cell Reprogramming Studies in Mouse. Methods Mol Biol. 1357, 1-22 (2015).
- Wu, S. C., et al. piggyBac is a flexible and highly active transposon as compared to sleeping beauty, Tol2, and Mos1 in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (41), 15008-15013 (2006).
- Ding, S., et al. Efficient transposition of the piggyBac (PB) transposon in mammalian cells and mice. Cell. 122 (3), 473-483 (2005).
- Wang, W., et al. Chromosomal transposition of PiggyBac in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (27), 9290-9295 (2008).
- Cadiñanos, J., Bradley, A. Generation of an inducible and optimized PiggyBac transposon system. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (12), e87 (2007).
- Bertin, E., et al. Reprogramming of mouse amniotic fluid cells using a PiggyBac transposon system. Stem Cell Research. 15 (3), 510-513 (2015).
- Woltjen, K., et al. piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 458 (7239), 766-770 (2009).
- Fusaki, N., et al. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 85 (8), 348-362 (2009).
- Nishishita, N., et al. Generation of virus-free induced pluripotent stem cell clones on a synthetic matrix via a single cell subcloning in the naive state. PLoS One. 7 (9), e38389 (2012).
- Ono, M., et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human nasal epithelial cells using a Sendai virus vector. PLoS One. 7 (8), e42855 (2012).
- Yant, S. R., et al. High-resolution genome-wide mapping of transposon integration in mammals. Mol Cell Biol. 25 (6), 2085-2094 (2005).
- Wilson, M. H., Coates, C. J., George, A. L. PiggyBac transposon-mediated gene transfer in human cells. Mol Ther. 15 (1), 139-145 (2007).
- Galvan, D. L., et al. Genome-wide mapping of PiggyBac transposon integrations in primary human T cells. J Immunother. 32 (8), 837-844 (2009).
- Huang, X., et al. Gene transfer efficiency and genome-wide integration profiling of Sleeping Beauty, Tol2, and piggyBac transposons in human primary T cells. Mol Ther. 18 (10), 1803-1813 (2010).
- Meir, Y. J., et al. Genome-wide target profiling of PiggyBac and Tol2 in HEK 293: pros and cons for gene discovery and gene therapy. BMC Biotechnol. 11 (28), (2011).
- Moretti, A., et al. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem-cell models for long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 363 (15), 1397-1409 (2010).
- Filareto, A., et al. An ex vivo gene therapy approach to treat muscular dystrophy using inducible pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun. 4 (1549), (2013).
- Darabi, R., et al. Human ES- and iPS-derived myogenic progenitors restore DYSTROPHIN and improve contractility upon transplantation in dystrophic mice. Cell Stem Cell. 10 (5), 610-619 (2012).
