触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠
Summary
持续的关注, 或持续的监测情况的间歇和不可预知的事件, 是一个关键的方面的认知。在这里, 我们详细介绍了如何使用触摸屏操作室来测试老鼠的持续注意力。我们在雄性和雌性老鼠身上表现出相当的性能, 这使得这项任务对研究两性的注意力很有用。
Abstract
持续的关注是在长时间内监测间歇性和不可预知事件的能力。这种注意过程 subserves 了认知的其他方面, 并在某些神经发育、神经精神和退行性疾病中被打乱。因此, 确定损害和改善持续性注意的机制具有重要的临床意义。这种机制往往首先使用啮齿动物模型发现。因此, 一些行为程序的测试方面的持续关注已发展啮齿动物。一, 首先描述的 McGaughy 和 Sarter (1995), 称为持续注意力任务 (SAT), 训练大鼠区分信号 (即, 简短的光表示) 和了无试验。信号是短的, 因此需要仔细注意被察觉。通过引入干扰 (例如, 闪烁 houselight), 可以进一步提高注意力需求。我们已经修改了这项任务的触摸屏行动室, 这是配置在一个墙上的触摸屏, 可以提出刺激和记录的反应。在这里, 我们详细介绍了我们在触摸屏室的协议。此外, 我们提出了标准的性能指标的男性和女性大大鼠。在这项任务中, 男女双方的可比性表现突出了其对注意力研究的使用, 特别是因为越来越多的研究人员在实验设计中包括雌性啮齿动物。此外, 易于实施的 SAT 为越来越流行的触摸屏增加了它的效用。
Introduction
从注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 到精神分裂症到老年痴呆症, 分享注意力障碍的功能1,2,3。持续关注的赤字–持续监测间歇性和不可预知事件的情况的能力–特别具有破坏性, 因为持续的注意力对于选择性和分散注意力以及其他认知进程4,5。即使在健康人中, 持续关注的困难也会对认知产生负面影响, 损害日常功能6。因此, 了解持续关注的神经生物学基础以及它如何成为失调可能会导致干预, 以提高认识, 使许多人受益。
为了描述电路和分子过程, 有助于适当的和中断的注意, 许多研究人员已经转向非人类动物模型, 其中操纵特定的细胞数量和分子过程在注意任务是可能的。这项工作导致了各种操作性注意任务的开发, 它们能够评估持续注意的能力7,8,9,10。一个这样的范例, 由 McGaughy 和 Sarter (1995) 开发, 被称为持续关注任务 (SAT)。在 SAT 训练的啮齿动物必须区分信号试验, 其中一个信号灯短暂闪烁, 从了无试验。通过引入视觉干扰 (闪烁 houselight)10, 可以提高注意力需求。在 SAT 评估注意的关键参数是很好的文件, 这项任务已经验证了在男性和女性大鼠和小鼠10,11,12。一个版本甚至被改编为人类, 突出了 SAT13的平移实用程序。重要的是, 这项任务的使用帮助牵连到基底前脑 corticopetal 系统持续关注4。具体地说, 基底前脑 Meynert (国家银行)/黑 inominata (SI) 区的胆碱能神经元金鸡投射到前额皮质对命中至关重要, 这是对信号试验的准确反应14, 15。相比之下, 这个地区的 gaba 神经元被认为是在正确的拒绝 (CRs) 中调解性能, 这是对了无试验的准确反应16。一旦这项任务的基本电路建立, 调节这个电路的因素, 以削弱注意范围从压力荷尔蒙到神经毒素蛋白已被确定17,18。总的来说, 这些研究突出了 SAT 的效用。
在实验室中实施 SAT 的一个限制是, 原程序要求为任务永久配置的操作室, 具有中心面板指示灯和两个可伸缩拉杆, 一个为命中指定, 一个用于 CRs10。在信号试验中, 面板灯简要地照亮, 然后杠杆扩展, 以表明4秒的响应窗口。在那窗口期间, 如果被选定的命中杠杆被按, 则老鼠接受奖励 (食物或水)。不正确的杠杆压力机的信号试验, 称为错过, 是没有奖励。在终止试验中, 面板指示灯保持关闭, 然后将杠杆延长。虽然 CR 是奖励, 不正确的杠杆印刷机终止试验, 被称为假警报, 是没有奖励。在响应窗口中没有做出任何响应都算作遗漏。为了扩大 SAT 的可用性, 我们最近修改了触摸屏的工作室的任务, 其中一个墙是一个触摸屏, 既可以显示视觉刺激和记录鼻子戳反应19。触摸屏是越来越流行, 因为他们的多功能性, 运行各种任务 (例如, 配对学习, 反向学习,等) 与一件设备20。类似于其他触摸屏程序20,21,22, 我们的 SAT 适应需要使用一个不透明的塑料触摸屏的封面, 称为口罩, 与孔切入。一个中心的圆形孔允许在它后面的屏幕上显示一个白色的刺激信号, 并且两个正方形的响应区域, 一个指定的命中和一个为 CRs, 允许老鼠做触摸响应19。在传统的腔室中, 4 秒的响应窗口通常是用杠杆的表示来指示的, 但先前的研究表明, 音调也可以用来向响应窗口23发出信号。在触摸屏上, 我们同样用简短的语气向响应窗口发出信号。其他训练参数 (例如、试验次数、intertrial 间隔、等) 在传统和触摸屏之间保持相似。我们以前评估的性能之间的传统和触摸屏 sat 版本, 并发现它是可比的, 建议触摸屏是一个有效的方法来衡量持续关注19。触摸屏的修改使 SAT 更加多才多艺, 因为它现在可以适应广泛使用的触摸屏操控箱。
本协议详细说明了如何在实验室中运行触摸屏。培训时间表从我们以前的任务19报告中略有改变, 以优化雌性大鼠的捕获时间, 这与男性不同, 在以前的日程安排中,24难以前进。结果说明了典型的雄性和雌性大鼠的表现, 以及解决问题的技巧。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
持续关注的赤字报告在神经精神、神经发育和神经系统退行性疾病1,2,3, 但有助于最佳与中断注意力的过程理解.这在一定程度上是因为专门的设备限制了啮齿目动物注意任务的容易适应。然而, 触摸屏的房间正在解决这个问题, 提供灵活性运行各种认知任务与一件设备20,22。在这里, 我…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
我们要感谢喜悦伯格曼, Attilio Ceretti, 萨拉 Cohen, 尼娜邓肯, 亚伦霍尔, 汉娜 Lefebo, 和马德琳萨尔瓦多为他们的行为的协助, 和 Dr.？帕瑞克豪, Dr. 布兰妮 Yegla, 并抢夺科尔的意见, 就 SAT 参数。我们要感谢 Dr. 吉尔 McGaughy 关于培训程序的提示。这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院的资助镍氢092438和国家科学基金会授予 IOS 1552416 D.A.B。
Materials
| Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System | Lafayette Instrument | 80604-20 | Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5mm wide x 92.5mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126mm wide at the Feeder, 240mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height |
| Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC) | Lafayette Instrument | 80604-20 | Attenuation to approximately 35dB; 38kg in weight; External dimensions: 600mm wide x 670mm tall x 352mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540mm wide x 610mm tall x 532mm deep |
| Abet II Software for Touch Screens | Lafayette Instrument | 89505 | Version 2.19 |
| Whisker Multimedia | Lafayette Instrument | 80698-1 | Required for Abet II Touch Operation |
| Pellet Dispenser | Lafayette Instrument | 80209-45 | 45mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel |
| Camera | Lafayette Instrument | 80600-CAM | Filtered and focused for IR light |
| Microsoft Windows | Microsoft | Windows 7-64 bit recommended | |
| Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers | Lafayette Instrument | 88530 | Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports |
| Dustless Precision Pellets | BioServe | F0165 | 45 mg |
| Black Acrylic Mask | Everything Plastic | Custom Product | Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom. |
| Utility Cart | Fisher Scientific | 11-954-754 | 30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in |
| Black towel | Large enough to cover cages for animal transport | ||
| Headlights with red lights | Energizer | HDL33A2E | LED white and red light |
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