Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions

Jos&#233; R. Agudo; Jiwon Han; Jinyoung Park; Sinyoung Kwon; Soebiakto Loekman; Giovanni Luzi; Christoph Linderberger; Antonio Delgado; Andreas Wierschem

doi:10.3791/57238

JoVE Journal > Engineering

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Ingegneria

从层流到湍流条件下的规则基底表面初始粒子运动的可视化表征

Published: February 22, 2018

doi:

10.3791/57238

José R. Agudo, Jiwon Han, Jinyoung Park, Sinyoung Kwon, Soebiakto Loekman, Giovanni Luzi, Christoph Linderberger, Antonio Delgado⁴, Andreas Wierschem

¹Institute of Fluid Mechanics, FAU Busan Campus,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, ²Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, FAU Busan Campus,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, ³Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, FAU Busan Campus,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, ⁴Institute of Fluid Mechanics,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)

Summary

提出了两种不同的方法来表征单个珠的初始粒子运动, 即从层流到湍流的沉积床几何函数。

Abstract

本文提出了两种不同的实验方法来确定粒子运动的阈值, 作为从层流到紊流条件下的床的几何性质的函数。为此, 在规则基板上研究了单个珠的起动运动, 这些基体由均匀大小固定球体的单层组成, 它们定期排列在三角形和二次对称中。阈值以临界屏蔽数为特征。运动开始的判据被定义为从原来的平衡位置到相邻的位移。用成像系统识别位移和运动方式。层流是使用旋转流变仪与平行磁盘配置诱导。剪切雷诺数保持在1以下。采用开放射流试验剖面, 在低速风洞中诱导湍流流动。风机用变频器调节风速。速度剖面是用一个与热膜风速计连接的热导线探头来测量的。剪切雷诺数范围在40和150之间。利用罗塔所提出的对数速度定律和修正后的墙法, 从实验数据中推断出剪切速度。当移动珠部分暴露于所谓的水力过渡流体系中的湍流流动时, 后者是特别感兴趣的。剪切应力是在运动开始时估计的。结果表明, 在两种体制下, 静力角的影响很大, 而珠对剪切流的暴露也有代表性。

Introduction

初始粒子运动在广泛的工业和自然过程中遇到。环境例子包括河流和海洋中泥沙运输的初始过程、河床侵蚀或沙丘形成等其他¹^,²^,³。气力输送⁴, 清除污染物或清洗表面⁵^,⁶是典型的工业应用, 涉及粒子运动的开始。

由于广泛的应用, 粒子运动的开始已经被广泛研究了一个世纪, 主要是在湍流条件下⁷^,⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹^, ¹²^,¹³^,¹⁴^,¹⁵。已有许多实验方法用于确定运动起始的阈值。研究内容包括粒子雷诺数¹³^、¹⁶^、¹⁷^、¹⁸^、¹⁹^、²⁰、相对流淹没等参数。²¹^,²²^,²³^,²⁴或几何因素作为静止的角度¹⁶^,¹⁸^,²⁵, 暴露于流²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸^,²⁹,相对谷物凸起²⁹或流向床斜率³⁰。

包括湍流条件在内的阈值的当前数据大致分散¹²^、³¹ , 结果通常看起来不一致²⁴。这主要是由于在湍流条件下控制或确定流参数的固有复杂性¹³^,¹⁴。此外, 泥沙运动的阈值强烈取决于运动模式,即滑动, 滚动或提升¹⁷和特征的初始运动³¹的标准。后者在侵蚀沉积床上可能不明确。

在过去十年中, 实验研究人员研究了层流流中的初始粒子运动³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,³⁸^,³⁹^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁴⁴, 其中避免了与床交互的宽范围的长度刻度,⁴⁵。在许多实际的情况下, 暗示沉淀, 粒子是相当小的, 粒子雷诺数保持低于约 5⁴⁶。另一方面, 层流可以产生像涟漪和沙丘一样的几何图案, 如湍流流做⁴²^,⁴⁷。这两种方案中的班扬都反映了在基础物理⁴⁷中的类比, 因此对粒子传输的重要洞察力可以从一个更好的受控实验系统⁴⁸中获得。

在层流中, Charru et . 注意到, 均匀大小的珠子颗粒床的局部重排, 所谓的床装甲, 导致运动开始的门槛逐渐增加, 直到饱和条件达到³². 然而, 根据实验设置³⁶⁴⁴, 在不规则排列的沉积层中, 文献揭示了饱和条件的不同阈值。这种散射可能是由于对沉积物的定向、凸出层和致密性等粒子参数的控制困难所致。

本手稿的主要目的是详细描述如何将单个球体的起动作为水平沉积床几何性质的函数来刻画。为此, 我们使用常规几何, 由固定珠的单分子膜按照三角形或二次构型定期排列。类似于我们使用的常规衬底在微流控分析中的粒子模板组装 (⁴⁹)、受限结构几何⁵⁰或内部粒子诱导的 microdevices 的自组装等应用中发现。在微⁵¹中传输。更重要的是, 使用常规的衬底, 我们可以突出的影响, 地方几何和方向, 并避免任何 dubiety 的作用, 邻里。

在层流中, 我们观察到, 临界屏蔽数增加了 50%, 这取决于基体球体之间的间距, 从而使珠子暴露在流³⁸上。类似地, 我们发现, 临界屏蔽号由两个因素所改变, 取决于基板的方向与流向³⁸的方向。我们注意到, 不动的邻居只影响移动珠的开始, 如果他们比大约三粒径⁴¹。在实验结果的触发下, 我们最近提出了一个严格的分析模型, 可以预测爬行流限制⁴⁰中的临界屏蔽数。该模型涵盖了从高暴露到隐藏珠的运动开始。

本手稿的第一部分论述了以往研究中所使用的剪切雷诺数的实验程序的描述, 再到1。层流是由旋转流变仪与平行配置引起的。在这个低雷诺数限制, 粒子不应该经历任何速度波动²⁰和系统匹配所谓的水力平滑流, 其中粒子被淹没在粘性子层。

一旦形成层流的初始运动, 湍流的作用就会变得更加清晰。在这个想法的驱使下, 我们介绍了一个新的实验程序在第二部分的协议。采用开放射流试验段的哥廷根低速风洞, 可以在很大范围内确定临界屏蔽数, 包括水力过渡流和湍流体系。实验结果可以提供重要的洞察力和扭矩如何作用的粒子由于湍流流动取决于基体几何。此外, 这些结果可以作为一个基准, 为更复杂的模型在高 Re * 以类似的方式, 过去的工作在层流已经被用来养活半概率模型⁵²或验证最近的数字模型⁵³。我们提出一些典型的应用实例, 从40到150不等。

从初始平衡位置到下一粒子的运动, 建立了起始判据。图像处理用于确定运动开始的模式,即滚动、滑动、提升³⁹^、⁴¹。为此, 检测到手动标记的移动球体的旋转角度。该算法跟踪标记的位置, 并将其与球体的中心进行比较。在两个实验装置中进行了初步的实验, 阐明了临界屏蔽数与设置和相对流淹没的有限尺寸效应无关。实验方法的设计, 以排除任何其他参数依赖的关键盾号超越再 * 和几何性质的泥沙床。使用不同的流体-粒子组合来改变重复 *。临界屏蔽号的特征是埋葬程度的函数,, 由. ³⁷作为 , 其中是养神的角度,即⁵⁴的运动发生的临界角, 是曝光度, 定义为实际暴露于流中的横截面积的比值。移动珠的总横截面积。

Protocol

1. 初始粒子运动在爬行的流动极限。注意: 测量是在旋转流变仪中进行的, 这是为这个特定的应用而修改的。准备流变仪。将空气供给与流变仪连接, 以避免损坏空气轴承。除空气过滤器外, 打开阀门, 直到系统中约5条的压力达到。将流体循环器连接到测量板。确保珀尔半导体元件的软管连接到流变仪。打开流体循环器, 设定所需温度 (20 ?…

Representative Results

图 1(a)表示用于描述爬行流限制中的临界护盾编号的实验设置示意图, 该协议1节。测量是在旋转流变仪中进行的, 为这个特定的应用进行了修改。一个直径为70毫米的透明有机玻璃板被仔细地固定在直径为25毫米的平行板上。测量系统的惯性因此在测量之前被调整了。一个定制的圆形容器, 直径为176毫米, 具有透明的墙壁, 与流变仪同心耦合…

Discussion

我们提出了两种不同的实验方法来表征初始粒子运动作为沉积床几何的功能。为此, 我们使用一个由三角形或二次对称排列的球体的单层, 这种方法使几何参数简化为单个几何。在蠕变流量极限中, 我们描述了用旋转浮子诱导层流剪切流的实验方法, 如前研究³⁹^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹。初步实验表明, 初始运动保持独立于基底的有限尺寸效应, 如径?…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者感谢未知的裁判为宝贵的意见, 并 Sukyung 崔, Byeongwoo 和 Baekkyoung 的合作, 建立实验。这项工作得到了21的大脑釜山项目在2017年。

Materials

MCR 302 Rotational Rheometer	Antoon Par	Induction of shear laminar flow
Measuring Plate PP25	Antoon Par	Induction of shear laminar flow
Peltier System P-PTD 200	Antoon Par	Keep temperature of silicon oils constant in the system at laminar flow
Silicone oils with viscosities of approx. 10 and 100 mPas	Basildon Chemicals	Fluid used to induced the shear in the particles
Soda-lime glass beads of (405.9 ± 8.7) μm	The Technical Glass Company	Construction of the regular substrates for laminar flow conditions
Opto Zoom 70 Module 0.3x-2.2x	WEISS IMAGING AND SOLUTIONS GmbH	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
2 x TV-Tube 1.0x, D=35 mm, L=146.5 mm	WEISS IMAGING AND SOLUTIONS GmbH	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
UI-1220SE CMOS Camera	IDS Imaging Development Systems GmbH	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
UI-3590CP CMOS Camera	IDS Imaging Development Systems GmbH	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
Volpi IntraLED 3 – LED light source	Volpi USA	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
Active light guide diameter 5mm	Volpi USA	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
300 Watt Xenon Arc Lamp	Newport Corporation	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the rheometer
Wind-tunnel with open jet test section, Göttingen type	Tintschl BioEnergie und Strömungstechnik AG	Induction of turbulent flow
Glass spheres of (2.00 ± 0.10) mm	Gloches South Korea	Construction of the regular substrates for turbulent flow conditions
Alumina spheres of (5.00 ± 0.25) mm	Gloches South Korea	Targeted bead for experiments
CTA Anemometer DISA 55M01	Disa Elektronik A/S	Measurement of flow velocity in the wind tunnel
Miniaure Wire Probe Type 55P15	Dantec Dynamics	Measurement of flow velocity in the wind tunnel
HMO2022 Digital Oscilloscope, 2 Analogue. Ch., 200MHz	Rohde & Schwarz	Measurement of flow velocity in the wind tunnel
Phantom Miro eX1 High-speed Camera	Vision Research IncVis	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the wind-tunnel
Canon ef 180mm f/3.5 l usm macro lens	Canon	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the wind-tunnel
Table LED Lamp	Gloches South Korea	Imaging system for recording the bead motion in the wind-tunnel

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Agudo, J. R., Han, J., Park, J., Kwon, S., Loekman, S., Luzi, G., Linderberger, C., Delgado, A., Wierschem, A. Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions. J. Vis. Exp. (132), e57238, doi:10.3791/57238 (2018).