Summary

蛛网膜下腔出血结合磁共振成像(MRI)的血管内穿孔模型

Published: December 16, 2021
doi:

Summary

这里我们提出了一个标准化的SAH小鼠模型,由血管内丝穿孔诱导,术后24小时结合磁共振成像(MRI),以确保正确的出血部位并排除其他相关的颅内病变。

Abstract

模仿蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的血管内丝穿孔模型是一种常用的模型 – 然而,该技术可导致高死亡率以及无法控制的SAH体积和其他颅内并发症,如中风或颅内出血。在该协议中,提出了由血管内丝穿孔诱导的标准化SAH小鼠模型,并在手术后24小时结合磁共振成像(MRI)以确保正确的出血部位并排除其他相关的颅内病变。简而言之,用腹腔内氯胺酮/ 甲苯噻嗪(70mg / 16mg / kg体重)注射液麻醉C57BL / 6J小鼠并置于仰卧位。中线颈部切口后,暴露颈总动脉(CCA)和颈动脉分叉,以逆行方式将5-0不可吸收的单丝聚丙烯缝合线插入颈外动脉(ECA)并推进到颈总动脉。然后,将细丝插入颈内动脉 (ICA) 并向前推入脑前动脉 (ACA)。手术恢复后,小鼠在24小时后接受7.0 T MRI。出血量可以通过术后MRI进行量化和分级,从而实现强大的实验性SAH组,并可选择根据血量进行进一步的亚组分析。

Introduction

蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH) 是由颅内动脉瘤破裂引起的,可构成危及生命的急症,与大量发病率和死亡率相关,约占卒中12 的 5%。SAH 患者表现为严重头痛、神经功能障碍和进行性意识障碍3.大约30%的SAH患者在初始出血事件4之后的前30天内死亡。临床上,50% 的患者在早期脑损伤后出现延迟性脑损伤 (DBI)。DBI 的特征是脑缺血延迟和神经功能缺损延迟。目前的研究表明,几种不同因素的协同作用导致神经功能丧失,包括血脑屏障的破坏,小动脉的收缩,微循环功能障碍和血栓形成56

SAH的一个独特方面是发病机制起源于实质外位置,但随后导致实质内有害的级联反应:病理学始于蛛网膜下腔内血液的积聚,引发多种实质内效应,例如神经炎症,神经元和内皮细胞凋亡,皮质扩散去极化和脑水肿形成78.

临床研究受到几个因素的限制,这使得动物模型成为一致和准确地模仿疾病病理变化的关键因素。已经提出了不同的SAH模型方案,例如,将自体血液注射到大水箱(ACM)中。此外,改良方法将自体血液分别注射到大水箱和视交叉水箱(APC)中910。虽然自体血液注射是模拟蛛网膜下腔出血后血管痉挛和炎症反应病理过程的简单方法,但随后颅内压(ICP)的升高相对较慢,并且没有诱导血脑屏障通透性显着变化1112。另一种方法,动脉周围血液放置,通常用于大型SAH模型(例如,猴子和狗),涉及在血管周围放置抗凝自体血液或类似的血液制品。可以用显微镜观察动脉的直径变化,作为SAH13后脑血管痉挛的指标。

Barry等人于1979年首次描述了血管内穿孔模型,其中基底动脉在取出颅骨后暴露;然后用钨微电极刺穿动脉,使用微观立体定向技术14。1995年,Bederson和Veelken修改了脑缺血的Zea-Longa模型,建立了血管内穿孔,自1516以来一直在不断改进。这种方法是基于这样一个事实,即小鼠和人类共享一个相似的颅内血管网络,称为威利斯的圆圈。

对于小鼠模型中SAH的术后评估和分级,已经提出了不同的方法。Sugawara等人开发了一种自2008年以来被广泛使用的分级量表17。该方法根据形态学变化评估SAH的严重程度。然而,对于这种方法,必须在直接视觉下检查小鼠的脑组织形态,因此,必须牺牲小鼠进行评估。此外,已经建立了几种测定体内SAH严重程度 的方法 。方法范围从简单的神经学评分到颅内压监测(ICP),再到各种放射成像技术。此外,MRI 分级已被证明是一种新的非侵入性工具,用于对 SAH 严重程度进行分级,与神经系统评分1819 相关。

在这里,提出了由血管内穿孔引起的SAH模型的方案,并结合术后MRI。为了建立一个系统来客观化 体内 出血量,我们还开发了一个基于7.0 T高分辨率T2加权MRI的总血容量SAH分级和定量的系统。这种方法可确保正确诱导 SAH 并排除其他病症,如卒中、脑积水或脑出血 (ICH) 和并发症。

Protocol

实验是根据德国柏林的Landesamt fuer Gesundheit und Soziales(LaGeSo)制定的指南和法规进行的(G0063/18)。在这项研究中,使用了C57Bl / 6J雄性(8-12周龄)小鼠,体重为25±0.286克(平均±s.e.m.)。 1. 动物准备 腹腔注射氯胺酮(70mg / kg)和甲苯噻嗪(16mg / kg)诱导麻醉。保持正常的体温,有助于快速诱导深度麻醉。通过疼痛刺激(例如脚趾捏合)测试足够的镇静剂?…

Representative Results

死亡率对于这项研究,共有92只年龄在8-12周之间的雄性C57Bl / 6J小鼠接受SAH手术;在这些中,我们观察到总死亡率为11.9%(n = 12)。死亡率仅发生在手术后的前6-24小时内,表明围手术期死亡率以及SAH出血本身是最可能的促成因素。 SAH出血等级共有50只小鼠在术后24小时接受MRI以确认SAH并确保检测其他共同发生的病症,包括亚急性缺血性中风和脑积?…

Discussion

综上所述,血管内丝穿孔操作诱导的标准化SAH小鼠模型具有轻微的浸润,手术时间短和可接受的死亡率。术后24小时进行MRI,以确保正确的出血部位并排除其他相关的颅内病变。此外,我们对不同的SAH出血等级进行了分类并测量了出血量,从而可以根据出血等级进行进一步的亚组分析。

鼠标的充分定位会影响正确穿孔的成功。小鼠的脖子应略微伸展到手术的另一侧,头部略微…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

SL得到了中国国家留学基金委的支持。KT得到了柏林卫生研究所和Sonnenfeld-Stiftung的BIH-MD奖学金的支持。RX由BIH-Charité临床科学家计划提供支持,该计划由Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin和柏林卫生研究所资助。我们感谢德国研究基金会(DFG)和柏林夏里特医学院开放获取出版基金的支持。

Materials

Eye cream Bayer 815529836 Bepanthen
Images analysis software ImageJ Bundled with Java 1.8.0_172
Ligation suture (5-0) SMI Silk black USP
Light source for microscope Zeiss CL 6000 LED
Ketamine CP-pharma 797-037 100 mg/mL
MRI Bruker Pharmascan 70/16  7 Tesla
MRI images acquired software Bruker Bruker Paravision 5.1
Paracetamol (40 mg/mL) bene Arzneimittel 4993736
Prolene filament (5-0) Erhicon EH7255
Razor Wella HS61
Surgical instrument (Fine Scissors) FST 14060-09
Surgical instrument (forceps#1) AESCULAP FM001R
Surgical instrument (forceps#2) AESCULAP FD2855R
Surgical instrument (forceps#3) Hammacher HCS 082-12
Surgical instrument (Needle holder) FST 91201-13
Surgical instrument (Vannas Spring Scissors) FST 15000-08
Surgical microscope Zeiss Stemi 2000 C
Ventilation monitoring Stony Brook Small Animal Monitoring & Gating System
Wounding suture(4-0) Erhicon CB84D
Xylavet CP-pharma 797-062 20 mg/mL

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Liu, S., Tielking, K., von Wedel, D., Nieminen-Kelhä, M., Mueller, S., Boehm-Sturm, P., Vajkoczy, P., Xu, R. Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). J. Vis. Exp. (178), e63150, doi:10.3791/63150 (2021).

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