Summary

闭合卵形孔(PFO):干预序列

Published: December 23, 2022
doi:

Summary

卵圆孔未闭 (PFO) 是一种基于导管的干预措施,用于预防 PFO 相关卒中。PFO 闭塞装置通过股静脉推进,并使用经食管超声心动图 (TEE) 和透视引导部署在房间隔上。以下协议提供了使用双盘装置进行PFO闭合干预的分步指南。

Abstract

卵圆孔未闭(PFO)在约四分之一的人中持续存在,并且是高达25%的缺血性卒中的来源,尤其是年轻人的中风。PFO 可通过经胸造影剂和/或经食管超声心动图轻松诊断。通过股静脉 介入 性闭合 PFO 是一种常用的心脏学操作,因为多项试验已证明,对于经历过缺血性、心脏栓塞性或隐源性卒中的 PFO 患者,PFO 封堵术优于标准药物治疗。当前的论文和视频逐步展示了PFO封堵的过程。

Introduction

卵圆孔是胚胎心脏发育的残余物,通常在出生后几年内关闭1。此前,在一项针对 965 例正常心脏2 的尸检研究中,有 27.3% 的病例发现了卵圆孔未闭 (PFO),在经食管超声心动图 (TEE) 研究中,581 名受试者中有 25.6% 发现了卵圆孔未闭 (PFO)3。在性别或种族/民族方面没有显着差异2,3,4,尸检数据显示成人PFO直径从1毫米到19毫米不等(平均:4.9毫米),并随着5岁而增加。

在所有缺血性卒中病例中,尽管进行了广泛的血管、血清学和心脏评估,但病因不能归因于明确的因素,例如大血管动脉粥样硬化、小动脉疾病或心脏栓塞,因此被称为“隐源性卒中”6,7。静脉血栓通过PFO迁移到动脉循环,已经在几项研究中被证明是卒中的可能原因,并且通过对运输过程中的血栓成像也显示8,9。当心脏左心房充满右心房后或 Valsalva 动作终止后的 3 个心跳周期内出现造影剂时,可通过经胸造影超声心动图诊断 PFO。在这里,可以使用左心房中出现的气泡数量对分流进行分级:1 级(少于 5 个气泡)、2 级(6-25 个气泡)、3 级(25 个或更多气泡)和 4 级(整个心室气泡的可视化)10。此外,经食管超声心动图(TEE)对于评估特定的PFO形态是必要的(见图1)。某些发现与较高的血栓栓塞事件发生率相关。这些高危 PFO 可能体积较大、存在心房动脉瘤(定义为房间隔组织从房间隔平面向右心房或左心房偏移超过 10 mm)、大咽鼓瓣、自发性左向右分流以及 Valsalva 操作期间鼻中隔过度活动11。已经建立了许多评分,例如RoPE评分12,以确定发现的PFO具有致病性的概率。最后,现行指南建议 16 岁至60 岁 13 岁的隐源性卒中患者使用 PFO 封堵术。该手术的进一步适应症是耐药性偏头痛。

经食管超声心动图被视为诊断 PFO 的金标准,用于 PFO 封堵的程序规划。该手术在标准心导管实验室中以微创方式经皮进行,使用透视、TEE 引导和生理监测。有经验的操作人员可以考虑将心内超声心动图(ICE)作为TEE的替代方法14

我们描述了在TEE和透视引导下使用由镍钛诺(镍钛)金属丝网(即PFO阻隔器)制成的双盘装置的PFO闭合程序15,如图 2所示。

Protocol

协议和视频出版物得到了耶拿大学医院伦理委员会的批准。患者同意出于文章目的发布他的匿名数据。 1. 生理监测 将患者带到手术台后,建立外周静脉通路并连接到 500 cc 的 NaCl。固定患者的胳膊和腿。 启动心电图、外周血氧饱和度和脉搏测量。使用碘溶液(例如 Betadine 溶液)对右腹股沟进行灭菌。 2. 无菌设备的准?…

Representative Results

在这项研究中,成功进行了PFO的闭合。实时回声能够显示房间隔的闭合,而没有使用所用设备的残余分流(见 材料表)。控制设备左右椎间盘之间的房间隔位置对于保证设备的稳定性很重要,并且在释放设备之前由TEE在几个平面上进行检查。该装置平稳地放置在房间隔上,而不会接触心房顶部。由于设备结构光滑,有时观察到的设备在主动脉根部周围的扩散是可以接受的。在接下来?…

Discussion

与介入心脏病学中的其他程序相比,PFO的介入闭合相对简单。重要的是在没有并发症的情况下进行手术,因为患者大多是年轻人,并且由于其预防性质而没有从手术中获得短期益处,与急性心肌梗死期间可能挽救生命的疗法相比。

从我们的角度来看,手术 的关键步骤 是安全穿刺腹股沟以避免出血并发症,充分冲洗所有导管和设备以避免空气栓塞,以及选择合适?…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

没有。

Materials

50 ml syringe- Perfusor syringe Luer-Lock 50 cc B. Braun 8728844F Flush syringe
Amplatz Super stiff Guide wire 260 cm Boston Scientific M001465021 exchange wire
Amplatzer Sizing ballon II 24 mm Abbott  9-SB-024 sizing
catheter set- Angiodyn Set Uni Jena B. Braun 6010111-0 cover set
Figulla Flex II PFO Occluder Procedure Pack Occlutech 19PFO25DP various sizes available
Mullins Sheat 7-11 fr.- Check Flow Performer Introducer- 9F 75 cm  Cook Medical RCFW-9.0-38-75-RB-MTS delivery sheath
Multi purpose catheter 5 F – Impulse MPA 1 Boston scientific H749163911171 atrial septal passage
Sheath 4 F- Radiofocus Introducer II 4 Fr. 10 cm Terumo RS*B40K10MR arterial blood pressure measurement
Sheath 7-11 Fr- Radiofucus Introducer II 9 F 10 cm Terumo RS*B90N10MRD Device Loading

Riferimenti

  1. Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V. N., Torchia, M. G. . The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology., 10th Edition. , (2015).
  2. Hagen, P. T., Scholz, D. G., Edwards, W. D. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: An autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 59 (1), 17-20 (1984).
  3. Meissner, I., et al. Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography: The SPARC study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 74 (9), 862-869 (1999).
  4. Rodriguez, C. J., et al. Race-ethnic differences in patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and right atrial anatomy among ischemic stroke patients. Stroke. 34 (9), 2097-2102 (2003).
  5. Hara, H., et al. Patent foramen ovale: Current pathology, pathophysiology, and clinical status. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 46 (9), 1768-1776 (2005).
  6. Saver, J. L. Cryptogenic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (21), 2065-2074 (2016).
  7. Collado, F. M. S., Poulin, M. F., Murphy, J. J., Jneid, H., Kavinsky, C. J. Patent foramen ovale closure for stroke prevention and other disorders. Journal of the American Heart Association. 7 (12), 007146 (2018).
  8. Choong, C. K., et al. Life-threatening impending paradoxical embolus caught "red-handed": Successful management by multidisciplinary team approach. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 136 (2), 527-528 (2008).
  9. Madani, H., Ransom, P. A. Paradoxical embolus illustrating speed of action of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in massive pulmonary embolism. Emergency Medicine Journal. 24 (6), 441 (2007).
  10. Akagi, T. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale: Current evidence and future perspectives. Journal of Cardiology. 77 (1), 3-9 (2021).
  11. Nakayama, R., et al. Identification of high-risk patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke: Development of a scoring system. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 32 (7), 811-816 (2019).
  12. Kent, D. M., et al. An index to identify stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke. Neurology. 81 (7), 619-625 (2013).
  13. Diener, H. -. C., et al. Kryptogener Schlaganfall und offenes Foramen ovale, S2eLeitlinie, 2018. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (Hrsg.), Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. , (2021).
  14. Zanchetta, M., et al. Catheter closure of perforated secundum atrial septal defect under intracardiac echocardiographic guidance using a single amplatzer device: Feasibility of a new method. Journal of Invasive Cardiology. 17 (5), 262-265 (2005).
  15. Krizanic, F., et al. The Occlutech Figulla PFO and ASD occluder: A new nitinol wire mesh device for closure of atrial septal defects. Journal of Invasive Cardiology. 22 (4), 182-187 (2010).
  16. Søndergaard, L., et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or antiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (11), 1033-1042 (2017).
  17. Saver, J. L., et al. Long-term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy after stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (11), 1022-1032 (2017).
  18. Mas, J. -. L., et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (11), 1011-1021 (2017).
  19. Furlan, A. J., et al. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (11), 991-999 (2012).
  20. Lee, P. H., et al. Cryptogenic stroke and high-risk patent foramen ovale: The DEFENSE-PFO trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 71 (20), 2335-2342 (2018).
  21. Carroll, J. D., et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (12), 1092-1100 (2013).
  22. Lock, J. E., et al. Transcatheter umbrella closure of congenital heart defects. Circulation. 75 (3), 593-599 (1987).
  23. Maloku, A., et al. Patent foramen ovale-When to close and how. Herz. 46 (5), 445-451 (2021).
  24. Meier, B., et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (12), 1083-1091 (2013).
  25. Vanden Branden, B. J., Post, M. C., Plokker, H. W., ten Berg, J. M., Suttorp, M. J. Patent foramen ovale closure using a bioabsorbable closure device: Safety and efficacy at 6-month follow-up. JACC Cardiovascular Interventions. 3 (9), 968-973 (2010).
  26. Sievert, K., et al. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale with Carag bioresorbable septal occluder: First-in-man experience with 24-month follow-up. EuroIntervention. 17 (18), 1536-1537 (2021).
check_url/it/63663?article_type=t

Play Video

Citazione di questo articolo
Aftanski, P., Maloku, A., Dannberg, G., Hamadanchi, A., Günther, A., Schulze, P. C., Möbius-Winkler, S. Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence. J. Vis. Exp. (190), e63663, doi:10.3791/63663 (2022).

View Video