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Biologia

育雏硬质珊瑚（Pocillopora acuta）的饲养和迁地培养的有效技术

Published: June 23, 2023
doi:
10.3791/65395
, , , ,
1Department of Planning and Research,National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, 2Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources,National Sun Yat-sen University

Summary

气候变化正在影响全球珊瑚礁生态系统。来自 非原生境 水产养殖系统的珊瑚可以帮助支持恢复和研究工作。本文概述了可用于促进非 原生 境育雏硬质珊瑚长期维持的喂养和珊瑚养殖技术。

Abstract

气候变化正在影响全球珊瑚的生存、生长和招募，预计未来几十年珊瑚礁生态系统的丰度和群落组成将发生大规模变化。对这种珊瑚礁退化的认识促使了一系列新的研究和基于恢复的积极干预措施。通过建立健全的珊瑚养殖规程（例如，在长期试验中改善健康和繁殖）和提供稳定的亲鱼供应（例如，用于恢复项目），非原生境水产养殖可以发挥支持作用。在这里，以常见且经过充分研究的珊瑚Pocillopora acuta为例，概述了育雏硬质珊瑚的喂养和迁地培养的简单技术。为了证明这种方法，将珊瑚群落暴露在不同的温度（24°C与28°C）和摄食处理（喂食与未喂食）下，并比较了繁殖产量和时间，以及在两种温度下将卤虫无节幼体喂食珊瑚的可行性。不同菌落的繁殖产量差异很大，在温度处理之间观察到不同的趋势;在24°C下，投喂的菌落比未投喂的菌落产生更多的幼虫，但在28°C培养的菌落中发现相反的情况。 所有菌落在满月前繁殖，仅在28°C处理的未喂养菌落和24°C处理的喂养菌落之间发现繁殖时间的差异（平均月球繁殖日±标准差：分别为6.5±2.5和11.1±2.6）。在两种处理温度下，珊瑚群落都有效地以卤虫无节幼体为食。这些拟议的饲养和养殖技术侧重于以具有成本效益和可定制的方式减少珊瑚压力和促进繁殖寿命，在流通和循环水产养殖系统中具有广泛的适用性。

Introduction

由于气候变化导致的高温压力，全球许多珊瑚礁生态系统正在丧失和退化1,2。珊瑚白化（即珊瑚-藻类共生的破坏3）在过去4 中被认为是相对罕见的，但现在发生得更频繁5，预计到本世纪中后期，许多地区将发生年度白化 6,7。白化事件之间过渡期的缩短会限制珊瑚礁的复原力8.高温胁迫对珊瑚群落的直接影响（例如，组织损伤9;能量消耗10）与珊瑚礁规模的间接影响有着内在的联系，其中繁殖/招募能力的降低尤其令人关注11。这刺激了一系列应用研究，例如，积极原位增强招募（例如，珊瑚礁播种12）、扩大珊瑚恢复的新技术 13，以及模拟繁殖线索以诱导迁地系统中的繁殖14。与这些积极干预措施相辅相成的是最近认识到在高温胁迫下珊瑚异养摄食的优势15，以及探索食物供应在繁殖中可能发挥的作用16。

众所周知，异养喂养会影响珊瑚的性能17，并且与珊瑚生长增加18,19 以及热阻和弹性 20,21 特别相关。然而，异养的好处在珊瑚物种中并不普遍22，并且可能因食用的食物类型 23 以及光照水平而有所不同24。在珊瑚繁殖的背景下，异养喂养显示出不同的结果，据报道，异养喂养后繁殖能力较高25 和较低26。异养摄食对珊瑚在一系列温度范围内繁殖的影响很少被评估，但在温带珊瑚Cladocora caespitosa中，发现异养对于较低温度条件下的繁殖更为重要27。可能需要更好地了解温度和摄食对繁殖产量的作用，以确定特定珊瑚礁（例如，与高食物供应相关的珊瑚礁28）在气候变化下是否具有更高的招募能力。

与繁殖产量类似，温度和摄食对珊瑚繁殖时间的影响仍然研究不足，尽管繁殖与非生物/生物条件的同步是在变暖的海洋中招募成功的重要考虑因素29。在实验室30进行的珊瑚热调节研究中，较高的温度已被证明会导致更早的繁殖，并且在31季节从天然珊瑚礁收集的珊瑚中也观察到了这一点。然而，有趣的是，最近在 非原生境 流通系统中养殖了 1 年的喂养珊瑚中观察到了相反的趋势（即，在冬季温度较低的月球周期中发生繁殖，在夏季温度较高的月球周期中发生后期）32。这一对比结果表明，在与丰富的能量资源相关的条件下，繁殖时间可能偏离典型模式。

不同温度情景下的长期对照实验有助于更好地了解异养对硬质珊瑚繁殖的影响。然而，在多个繁殖周期的非原生境条件下维持繁殖珊瑚群落可能具有挑战性（但参见以前的研究32,33）。本文描述了在流通式水产养殖系统中主动摄食（食物来源：卤虫无节幼体）和长期养殖育雏珊瑚（Pocillopora acuta）的简单而有效的技术;然而，应该指出的是，所描述的所有技术也可用于循环水产养殖系统。为了证明这些技术，对在“喂养”和“未喂养”处理下保持在24°C和28°C的珊瑚群落的繁殖产量和时间进行了初步比较。选择这些温度分别近似于台湾南部冬季和夏季的海水温度30,34;没有选择更高的温度，因为促进长期迁地养殖，而不是测试珊瑚对热应激的反应，是该实验的主要目标。此外，量化了喂养前后卤虫无节幼体的密度，以比较两种温度处理下异养喂养的可行性。

具体来说，从台湾南部国立海洋生物博物馆和水族馆研究设施的流通罐中获得24个P. acuta菌落（平均总线性延伸±标准差：21.3厘米±2.8厘米）。Pocillopora acuta 是一种常见的珊瑚物种，它既具有广播产卵，又具有典型的育雏繁殖策略35,36。这些珊瑚的亲本群落最初是在大约2年前从出口礁（21.931°E，120.745°N）收集的，用于另一项实验32。因此，本实验中使用的珊瑚群落是在非原生境养殖条件下饲养的;具体来说，菌落暴露于环境温度和 12 小时：12 小时光：暗循环，量子为 m−2·s−1，每周喂食两次卤虫无节幼体。我们认识到，这种长期的异地培养可能影响了菌落对本实验中处理条件的反应。因此，我们想强调的是，这里的主要目的是通过展示一个应用的例子来说明如何有效地使用所描述的技术来异地养殖珊瑚，其中评估了温度和喂养对珊瑚繁殖的影响。

珊瑚菌落均匀分布在六个流通系统培养罐中（罐内长x宽x高：175 cm x 62 cm x 72 cm;罐光状态：12 h：12h 光：暗循环，250 μmol量子m-2·s-1）（图1A）。其中三个罐中的温度设定为28°C，其他三个罐中的温度设定为24°C;每个储罐都有一个记录器，每 10 分钟记录一次温度（参见材料表）。使用冷却器和加热器独立控制每个水箱的温度，并使用流量马达保持水循环（参见材料表）。每个菌池中一半的菌落（n = 2 个菌落/池）每周喂食两次卤虫无节幼体，而其他菌落则不喂食。每次饲喂持续 4 小时，在两个独立的特定温度饲喂罐中进行。在饲养过程中，将所有菌落移入饲养罐，包括未饲喂的菌落，以标准化在罐之间移动菌落的潜在压力效应。饲喂和未饲喂处理中的菌落使用特定温度饲养罐内的网状框架放置在自己的隔室中，以便只有饲养条件下的菌落才能获得食物。每天上午09：00，通过计算一夜之间释放到幼虫收集容器中的幼虫数量，评估每个群落的珊瑚繁殖产量和时间。

Protocol

1. 在非原生境水产养殖池中悬挂珊瑚群落 在养殖罐上放置一个缺口杆（长 x 宽 x 高：75 cm x 1 cm x 3 cm），以下称为“吊杆”，以准备悬挂珊瑚群落。注意：本实验中使用的吊杆是定制的，但只要一根带有突出螺钉（即充当槽口）的简单 PVC 管就足够了，只要它可以稳定地放置在培养罐的顶部并且足够坚固以容纳珊瑚。 测量一条钓鱼线（参见 材料表…

Representative Results

所描述的方案允许 （1） 比较不同摄食和温度处理之间单个珊瑚群落的繁殖产量和时间，以及 （2） 评估 卤虫 无节幼体在不同温度下摄食的可行性。在此，对研究结果进行了简要概述，但由于该实验的短期性质（即只有一个繁殖周期）和使用适应 异地 条件的珊瑚群落，因此对温度和喂养对珊瑚繁殖的影响的广泛解释应谨慎。 在我们的监测期间（2022 年 9 月）?…

Discussion

对温度和摄食对珊瑚繁殖影响的初步评估揭示了在不同处理条件下培养的菌落之间的繁殖产量和时间差异。此外，研究发现，在相对凉爽（24°C）和温暖的温度（28°C）下，将卤虫无节幼体喂食到珊瑚群落似乎有效。这些综合研究结果突出了这些直接技术在非原生境水产养殖系统中繁殖硬质珊瑚（以P. acuta为例）的喂养和培养的适用性。

在繁殖产量方面，?…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项研究由台湾科学技术部资助，资助号为 MOST 111-2611-M-291-005 和 MOST 111-2811-M-291-001。

Materials

Artemia cysts  Supreme plus NA Food source 
Chiller Resun CL650 To cool down water temperature if needed
Conductivity portable meter WTW Cond 3110 To measure salinity
Enrichment diets Omega NA Used in Artemia cultivation
Fishing line Super Nylon monofilament To hang the coral colonies
Flow motors Maxspect GP03 To create water flow
Heater 350 W ISTA NA Heaters used in tanks
HOBO pendant temperature logger Onset Computer UA-002-08 To record water temperature
LED lights Mean Well FTS: HLG-185H-36B NA
Light portable meter LI-COR LI-250A Device used with light sensor to measure light intensity in PAR
Light sensor LI-COR LI-193SA NA
Plankton net 100 µm mesh size Omega NA To collect larvae and artemia 
Primary pump 6000 L/H Mr. Aqua BP6000 To draw water from tanks into chiller
Propeller-type current meter KENEK GR20 Device used with propeller-type detector to measure flow rate
Propeller-type detector KENEK GR3T-2-20N NA
Stereo microscope Zeiss Stemi 2000-C  To count the number of artemia 
Temperature controller 1000 W Rep Park O-RP-SDP-1 To set and maintain water temperature
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CoralEx Situ AquacultureBrooding CoralPocillopora AcutaFeedingReproductionClimate ChangeResilienceRestorationMesocosmHeterotrophyTemperatureArtemia Nauplii
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Lam, K., McRae, C. J., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Fan, T. Effective Techniques for the Feeding and Ex Situ Culture of a Brooding Scleractinian Coral, Pocillopora acuta. J. Vis. Exp. (196), e65395, doi:10.3791/65395 (2023).
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