Summary

腹主动脉床旁超声评估方法

Published: September 08, 2023
doi:

Summary

该方案回顾了使用床旁超声对腹主动脉进行成像的步骤。我们讨论了图像采集、成像陷阱和伪影的故障排除,以及危及生命的腹主动脉病变的识别。

Abstract

腹主动脉疾病,包括动脉瘤和夹层,具有潜在的高发病率和死亡率。虽然计算机断层扫描 (CT) 是目前腹主动脉成像的金标准,但获得 CT 的过程可能很耗时,需要使用静脉注射造影剂,并且涉及暴露于电离辐射。床旁超声(POCUS)可以在床旁进行,对腹主动脉瘤的诊断具有极好的敏感性和特异性,对腹主动脉夹层的诊断具有极好的特异性。此外,POCUS 是非侵入性的、具有成本效益的、没有电离辐射的,不需要静脉注射造影剂,并且可以在不将患者从重症监护区带走的情况下进行。腹主动脉瘤 (AAA) 的筛查也可以在初级保健机构进行。

本文将回顾腹主动脉 POCUS 的评估方法,以评估此类关键病理学。在本文中,我们将回顾腹主动脉的超声解剖结构以及超声探头的选择、POCUS 图像采集的描述以及使用 POCUS 帮助诊断可能危及生命的腹主动脉病变的一些细节和陷阱。

Introduction

床旁超声 (POCUS) 的使用在过去几年中有所增加,并越来越多地被纳入各种住院医师培训计划 1,2。POCUS在急诊科和重症监护室等重症监护领域具有很大的实用性,特别是有助于快速诊断危及生命的腹腔内紧急情况,如急性主动脉夹层,以及腹主动脉瘤,特别是那些有破裂风险的动脉瘤和那些已经破裂到腹膜的动脉瘤。

AAA 破裂和急性主动脉夹层与高死亡率相关。主动脉瘤破裂的死亡率为 67% 至 94%3,4。急性夹层后,A 型主动脉夹层的死亡率以每小时 1% 的速度增加,B 型主动脉夹层的死亡率在 30 天时为 10% 至 25%5。孤立的腹主动脉夹层很少见,仅占所有主动脉夹层的0.2%-4%6,7,8,9,10。由于大多数腹主动脉夹层是胸主动脉夹层的延伸,因此评估腹主动脉的夹层证据可能有助于胸主动脉夹层的诊断11

计算机断层扫描与血管造影 (CTA) 是腹主动脉相关影像学病理学的金标准;但是,它有几个缺点。这可能很耗时,尤其是在不稳定的患者中,并且需要技术人员执行,并需要放射科医生或血管外科医生来解释图像。CTA 使用电离辐射,需要使用静脉注射造影剂以最佳方式检测病理学。此外,CTA 的性能要求潜在不稳定的患者离开重症监护区。相比之下,POCUS 是非侵入性的、具有成本效益的,并且缺乏 CT 所需的电离辐射和造影剂。它也可以由同一个人实时执行和解释,不需要患者离开监测区域。

Rubano 等人对急诊科 POCUS 诊断 AAA 的系统评价显示,其敏感性为 99%,特异性为 98%,阳性似然比为 99,阴性似然比为 0.0112。这项汇总分析评估了不同操作员组的测试特征,包括接受过广泛 POCUS 培训的住院医师和主治医师。

腹主动脉夹层 POCUS 评估的测试特征与 AAA 不同,并且可能因夹层的起源而异。内膜瓣分离真腔和假腔的超声检查结果对主动脉夹层的敏感性为 67%-79%,特异性为 99%-100%13,14。由于在腹部发现的大多数主动脉夹层是胸主动脉夹层的延伸,因此可以进行心脏和肺部的额外 POCUS 应用以评估心包积液、主动脉根部扩张和左胸腔积液,但不是本文的重点13

最后,需要注意的是,美国预防服务工作组为对 65-75 岁曾经吸烟的男性进行一次性 AAA 超声筛查提供了 B 级建议。这与初级保健环境特别相关。

本综述将描述POCUS在腹主动脉床旁评估中表现的分步方案,特别是评估AAA和腹主动脉夹层。该协议假定诊断超声的基本知识,包括物理学、仪器,以及腹主动脉和主要分支动脉的解剖学和病理状态的医学知识。建议读者参考其他来源以获取先决条件知识。

Protocol

该协议中的所有超声都是在人类受试者身上进行的,并按照伊利诺伊大学医院的道德标准和赫尔辛基宣言及其修订版进行。作为常规教育和临床护理的一部分,在事先口头同意的情况下,对作者本人和急诊科的患者进行了影像学检查,这是该机构的标准。收集的图像说明了正常的解剖学和生理学,以及在伊利诺伊大学医院收集的异常发现。用于说明扫描技术的图像是在写作小组的成员身上进行的?…

Representative Results

充分的检查从腹主动脉超声中获得准确结果的最大挑战之一是缺乏对测量的共识。如协议步骤 4.3.1.10 所述,腹主动脉的任何直径大于 3 cm 都被认为是动脉瘤15、16、22、23。然而,用于测量主动脉直径的方法存在很大差异,并且对于测量腹主动脉尚无国际共识。目前使用的有三种方法:?…

Discussion

及时诊断 AAA 和主动脉夹层是治疗这些高发病率疾病的关键。与传统影像学相比,用于 AAA 诊断的 POCUS 可改善结果并显着缩短诊断和手术干预的时间27。POCUS 对 AAA 具有高敏感性和特异性,对主动脉夹层具有高特异性121319212829…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

图 7B 经 Abhilash Koratala 博士的许可使用。

Materials

M9 Ultrasound Machine  Mindray  n/a Used to obtain all adequate and inadequate images/clips

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Citazione di questo articolo
Hartrich, M., Eilbert, W. An Approach to Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Evaluation of the Abdominal Aorta. J. Vis. Exp. (199), e65487, doi:10.3791/65487 (2023).

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