Summary

トランスジェニックの生産アフリカツメガエル制限酵素を介した統合と核移植によって

Published: August 21, 2010
doi:

Summary

このビデオプロトコルは、トランスジェニックを生成する方法を示しています<em>アフリカツメガエル</em>未受精卵に核移植に続いて精子の核への導入遺伝子の導入による。

Abstract

アフリカツメガエルのゲノム中にクローニングされた遺伝子産物の安定的な統合は、胚発生の後期段階で遺伝子を発現すること、およびエンハンサーおよびプロモーターは、胚内で遺伝子発現を調節する方法を定義するために、式の時間と場所を制御する必要がある。ここに示したプロトコルを効率的にトランスジェニックアフリカツメガエルの胚を生産するために使用することができます。 1:このトランスジェネシスの手法は、三つの部分を含む。精子の核は、成人Xから分離されています精子形質膜をpermeabilizesリゾレシチンで処理してツメガエル精巣、。 2。卵抽出液を低速遠心分離、抽出物は細胞周期の間期へと進行させるためにカルシウムを加え、そして相間の細胞質を分離するため、高速遠心分離によって調製される。 3。核移植:核とエキスは、導入遺伝子及び制限酵素を少量として導入される直鎖状プラスミドDNAと結合されています。短い反応中に、卵抽出物は部分的に精子クロマチンをdecondensesと制限酵素は、ゲノムへの導入遺伝子の組換えを促進する染色体切断を生成します。処理された精子の核は、未受精卵に移植されています。導入遺伝子の統合は、通常、結果として得られる胚のキメラではないというような最初の胚の切断の前に発生します。これらの胚は、プロモーターと遺伝子機能の解析のためのトランスジェニック胚の効率的かつ迅速な世代を可能にする、次の世代に繁殖することを必要とせずに解析することができます。成人X.この手順に起因するツメガエルはまた生殖細胞を通じて導入遺伝子を伝播し、複数の目的のためのトランスジェニック動物の行を生成するために使用することができます。

Protocol

このトランスジェネシスの手法の修正版は、当初1および2に記載された。 A.精子核の準備この核の調製法は、マレー3から適合されているが、それらは精子の核を移植した卵のその後の発展を妨げるとして、プロテアーゼ阻害剤が省略されている。アリコートを-80℃で凍結されており、約6ヶ月間の移植に使用することができま?…

Discussion

各トランスジェニックコンストラクトがテストするために、我々は一般的に500から1000の卵に細胞核を移植し、このスケールで、我々は、産卵のた​​めに誘導する方法多くの女性に応じて、一日あたり10種類の構成要素にまで発現するトランスジェニック胚を生成することができます。これらの移植のうち、卵を切断の約3分の1と、これらの切断胚の60〜80%は、通常、原腸形成を進めます。?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

私たちの仕事のための資金は、NIH、ダイムの月、およびアメリカの癌協会によって提供されます。

Materials

A.Sperm nuclei preparation

Reagents:

  1. 1X MMR (2mM CaCl2, 5mM HEPES, pH7.5, 2mM KCl, 1mM MgCl2, 100mM NaCl).
  2. 0.1% Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222, aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, Sigma A-5040), 0.1% sodium bicarbonate. Dissolve in water.
  3. 2X Nuclear Preparation Butter (NPB). On the day of the sperm nuclei preparation, make up 30 ml of 2X NPB from aliquots of the stock solutions stored frozen: 500 mM sucrose (1.5 M stock), 30 mM HEPES (1M stock; titrate with KOH so that pH 7.7 is at 15 mM), 1 mM spermidine trihydrochloride (Sigma S-2501; 10 mM stock), 0.4 mM spermine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma S-1141; 10 mM stock), 2 mM dithiothreitol (Sigma D-0632; 100 mM stock), 2 mM EDTA (500 mM EDTA, pH 8.0).
  4. Use the 2XNPB to make a. 30ml 1X NPB, b. 10ml 1XNPB+3%BSA (fraction V, Sigma A-7906), c. 5ml 1XNPB+0.3%BSA.
  5. Lysolecithin: 100 μl of 10 mg/ml L-α-lyso-Lecithin, Egg Yolk (Calbiochem, 440154); dissolve at room temperature just before use. Store solid stock at 20°C. Discard the stock powder if it becomes sticky.
  6. Bovine serum albumin (BSA): 10% (w/v) BSA (fraction V, Sigma A-7906) Make up 5 ml in water on the day of the sperm nuclei preparation.
  7. Sperm storage buffer (1ml) 1X NPB, 30% glycerol, 0.3% BSA.
  8. Sperm dilution buffer: 250 mM sucrose, 75 mM KCl, 0.5 mM spermidine trihydrochloride, 0.2 mM spermine tetrahydrochloride. Titrate to pH 7.3-7.5 and store 0.5-1 ml aliquots at 20°C.
  9. Hoechst No. 33342 (Sigma B-2261): 10 mg/ml stock in dH2O, store in a light tight vessel at 20°C.

Equipment:

  • Swinging bucket rotor and centrifuge
  • cheesecloth
  • dissection tools (forceps and scissors)
  • fluorescence microscope
  • funnel
  • gloves
  • hemocytometer
  • needles (26 gauge)
  • paper towels
  • petri dishes (60 mm)
  • pipettes
  • plastic (5 and 10 ml)
  • Pipetman tips (1 ml and 200μl)
  • Syringes (1 ml)
  • tubes (14 ml; Falcon, 2059)
  • tubes
  • microcentrifuge (1.5 ml)

B. Preparation of High Speed Extract

Reagents:

  1. 1X Marc’s Modified Ringer (MMR): 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. Prepare a 10X stock, and adjust pH with NaOH to 7.5.
  2. 20X Extract buffer (XB) salt stock: 2 M KCl, 20 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, filter-sterilize and store at 4°C.
  3. Extract buffer (XB; freshly prepared and stored on ice): 1X XB salts, 50 mM sucrose,10mM HEPES (1 M stock, titrated with KOH so that pH is 7.7 when diluted to 15 mM; filter-sterilize, and store in aliquots at 20°C). Prepare about 100 ml.
  4. 2% (w/v) L-Cysteine hydrochloride 1-hydrate: Made up in 1X XB salts before use and titrated to pH 7.8 with NaOH. Prepare about 300 ml.
  5. CSF-XB: 1X XB salts, 1 mM MgCl2 (in addition to MgCl2 present in XB salts; final concentration 2 mM), 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 50 mM sucrose, 5 mM EGTA, pH 7.7. Prepare 50 ml.
  6. Protease inhibitors: Mixture of leupeptin, chymostatin, and pepstatin, each dissolved to a final concentration of 10 mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Store in small aliquots at 20°C.
  7. 1 M CaCl2.
  8. Energy mix: 150 mM creatine phosphate, 20 mM ATP, 20 mM MgCl2.
  9. Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG): 100 U/ml PMSG (P.G.600®, Intervet, Inc., 021825). Dissolve in water and stored at 20°C.
  10. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): 1000 U/ml HCG (CHORULON®, Intervet, Inc., 057176 ). Dissolve in water and stored at 4°C.

Equipment:

  • Xenopus laevis females
  • Needles (18 and 26 gauge)
  • Pasteur pipette
  • wide bore
  • Syringes (1 mL)
  • Tubes, microcentrifuge (0.5 mL)
  • Tubes, thick-wall polycarbonate (Beckman, 349622)
  • Tubes, ultraclear (14 x 95 mm; Beckman, 344060)
  • Ultracentrifuge and rotors (e.g., Beckman TL-100 with rotors SW 40 Ti and TLA-100.3)
  • Beakers for egg collection
  • Buckets or containers for holding female frogs (e.g., 4-L plastic beakers with mesh lids).

C. Nuclear transplantation.

Reagents:

  1. 2.5% agarose in 0.1XMMR (for making injection dishes)
  2. 2.5% Cysteine in 1XMMR, pH8.0, prepared on the day of use
  3. Ficoll
  4. 10 mg/ml gentamycin (1000X stock)
  5. high speed egg extract (see above)
  6. 100 MgCl2
  7. 10X MMR (see above)
  8. Restriction enzyme (e.g. NotI from New England Biolabs)
  9. Sperm dilution buffer (SDB; see above) and sperm nuclei (see above)
  10. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) as above
  11. mineral oil (Sigma, M8410)
  12. Linearized plasmid to be introduced as the transgene: Prepare linearized plasmid at a concentration of about 100 ng/μl in sterile, nuclease-free water (we avoid Tris and EDTA-containing buffers, which are somewhat toxic to embryos). The restriction enzyme used to linearize the plasmid does not have to be the same as the one used in the nuclear transfer reaction. We usually use NotI for all reactions, regardless of what plasmid is linearized with. Some calibration of the enzyme dilution used in the reaction may be necessary, as too much enzyme can cause adverse effects on post-gastrula development. Plasmid can be purified in several different ways: we usually use the Qiagen Qiaquick PCR purification kit according to the manufacturers directions; purification of a single band from a gel is not necessary. If plasmid is purified using phenol/chloroform extractions and ethanol precipitation, be certain to remove all traces of organics and ethanol.

Equipment:

Agarose dishes for injection: In a 60 mm plastic petri dish, lay a small 35mmX35mm weigh boat on molten 2.5% agarose in water 0.1XMMR to create a depression with an agarose-coated bottom for filling with eggs. Once agarose has hardened, wrap in parafilm and store at 4°C until use. Make 2-3 dishes in advance for each transgenic reaction you plan to do.

Infusion pump: We use a single syringe infusion pump from Harvard Apparatus, equipped with a 3 cc syringe/needle filled with mineral oil (Sigma M-8410). Blunt the syringe needle tip (to keep it from perforating the tubing) and attach the fine tygon tubing. Run the pump at ~10nl/sec; this assumes that the time the needle is in each egg will be no greater than 1 sec. Pump should be pre-run for several minutes prior to starting transgenesis for the day to assure that the plunger for the syringe is flush with the piston and that steady positive flow of oil out of the tubing is occurring.

Needles for nuclear transfers. Using a micropipette puller, generate needles with long, sloping tips. Clip these with a forcep under a dissecting microscope equipped with an ocular micrometer to obtain an ~80 micron opening with a beveled shape.

Other equipment: Xenopus laevis females, stereomicroscope, incubator, micromanipulator, microinjection needle puller (e.g. Model P-87, Sutter), syringe needles (26 gauge), glass microinjection needles, ocular micrometer for calibrated clipping of microinjection needle tips to 80μm diameter, petri dishes, weigh boats 35mm, Tygon tubing (ID=1/32 in., OD=3/32 in.)

References

  1. Kroll, K. L., Amaya, E. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development. 122, 3173-3183 (1996).
  2. Amaya, E., Kroll, K. L. A method for generating transgenic frog embryos. Methods Mol Biol. 97, 393-414 (1999).
  3. Murray, A. W. Cell cycle extracts. Methods Cell Biol. 36, 581-605 (1991).
  4. Hartley, K. O., Hardcastle, Z., Friday, R. V., Amaya, E., Papalopulu, N. Transgenic Xenopus embryos reveal that anterior neural development requires continued suppression of BMP signaling after gastrulation. 발생학. 238, 168-184 (2001).
  5. Karaulanov, E., Knöchel, W., Niehrs, C. Transcriptional regulation of BMP4 synexpression in transgenic Xenopus. EMBO J. 23, 844-856 (2004).
  6. Ogino, H., Fisher, M., Grainger, R. M. Convergence of a head-field selector Otx2 and Notch signaling: a mechanism for lens specification. Development. 135, 249-2458 (2008).
  7. Taylor, J. J., Wang, T., Kroll, K. L. Tcf- and Vent-binding sites regulate neural-specific geminin expression in the gastrula embryo. 발생학. 289, 494-506 (2006).
  8. Marsh-Armstrong, N., Huang, H., Berry, D. L., Brown, D. D. Germ-line transmission of transgenes in Xenopus laevis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96, 14389-14393 (1999).
  9. Offield, M. F., Hirsch, N., Grainger, R. M. The development of Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines and their use in studying lens developmental timing in living embryos. Development. 127, 1789-1797 (2000).
check_url/kr/2010?article_type=t&slug=production-transgenic-xenopus-laevis-restriction-enzyme-mediated

Play Video

Cite This Article
Amaya, E., Kroll, K. Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation. J. Vis. Exp. (42), e2010, doi:10.3791/2010 (2010).

View Video