Alternative Kulturen für menschlichen pluripotenten Stammzellen Produktion, Wartung und Genetic Analysis
Summary
Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.
Introduction
Die Kapazität der hPSCs in Richtung multilineage adulten Geweben differenzieren hat neue Wege zur Behandlung von Patienten, die an schweren Krankheiten, Herz-Kreislauf-, Leber-, Pankreas-und neurologischen Systeme beinhalten leiden 1-4 eröffnet. Verschiedene Zelltypen aus hPSCs abgeleitet würde auch robust Mobilfunk-Plattformen für Krankheit Modellierung, Gentechnik, Arzneimittel-Screening, und toxikologische Prüfungen 1,4. Die zentrale Frage, die ihre zukünftigen klinischen und pharmakologischen Anwendungen gewährleistet, ist die Erzeugung einer großen Zahl von klinischem hPSCs durch in-vitro-Zellkultur. Allerdings sind die aktuellen Kultur-Systeme entweder unzureichend oder von Natur aus variabel, die verschiedene Feeder und Feeder-freien Kulturen hPSCs als Kolonien 5,6.
Colony-Typ-Wachstum von hPSCs teilt viele Strukturmerkmale der inneren Zellmasse (ICM) der frühen Säugetierembryos. Das ICM ist anfällig für in die drei Keimblätter zu differenzierenin einem multizellulären Umgebung, weil die Existenz von heterogenen Signalverläufe. So wird die Übernahme von Heterogenität in der frühen embryonalen Entwicklung als eine erforderliche Verfahren zur Differenzierung betrachtet, aber eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft hpSC Kultur. Die Heterogenität in hpSC Kultur wird oft durch übermäßige apoptotische Signale und spontane Differenzierung aufgrund suboptimaler Wachstumsbedingungen induziert. Somit wird in Kolonie-Typ-Kultur, die heterogenen Zellen werden oft in der Peripherie der Kolonien 7,8 beobachtet. Es hat sich auch gezeigt, dass die Zellen in menschlichen embryonalen Stammzellen (hES) Kolonien zeigen Differential Antworten auf Signalmoleküle wie BMP-4-9. Darüber hinaus Kolonie Kulturmethoden produzieren geringe Zellausbeuten als auch sehr niedrige Zellgewinnungsraten von Kryokonservierung aufgrund unkontrollierbarer Wachstumsraten und apoptotische Signalwege 6,9. In den letzten Jahren sind verschiedene Suspensionskulturen zur Züchtung hPSCs entwickelt, particulArly für die Expansion von großen Mengen von hPSCs in Feeder-und Matrix-freien Bedingungen 6,10-13. Offensichtlich haben unterschiedliche Kultursysteme ihre eigenen Vorteile und Nachteile. Im Allgemeinen ist die Heterogenität der hPSCs stellt eine der wichtigsten Nachteile in Kolonie-Typ und aggregierte Kulturverfahren, die optimal für die Bereitstellung von DNA-und RNA-Materialien in hPSCs Gentechnik 6 sind.
Klar, es ist eine zwingende Notwendigkeit, neue Systeme, die einige Mängel der derzeitigen Kulturmethoden zu umgehen, zu entwickeln. Die Entdeckungen der niedermolekularen Inhibitoren (wie der ROCK-Inhibitor Y-27632 und JAK-Inhibitor 1), die Einzelzellüberleben verbessern ebnen den Weg für dissoziiert-hpSC Kultur 14,15. Mit der Verwendung dieser kleinen Moleküle, haben wir vor kurzem ein Kulturverfahren auf der Basis nicht-Kolonietyp (NCM) Wachstum von dissoziierten hPSCs 9. Diese neue Kulturverfahren kombiniert die beiden Single-Cell-Passage und High-Density-Plating Verfahren, so dass wir große Mengen von homogenen hPSCs unter konsistenten Wachstumszyklen ohne große Chromosomenanomalien 9 zu produzieren. Alternativ könnte NCM Kultur mit verschiedenen kleinen Molekülen und definierten Matrizen (wie Laminin), um das Kulturverfahren für breite Anwendungen zu optimieren implementiert werden. Hier auf der Basis NCM Kultur, präsentieren wir mehrere detaillierte Protokolle und abzugrenzen detaillierte Verfahren für die Gentechnik. Um die Vielseitigkeit der NCM-Protokolle zeigen, testeten wir auch NCM Kultur mit vielfältigen ROCK-Hemmer und mit der Single Laminin-Isoform 521 (dh, LN-521).
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Es gibt zwei große Möglichkeiten, um in vitro Kultur hPSCs: konventionelle Kolonie-Art-Kultur (von Zellen auf Feeder oder extrazelluläre Matrix) und Suspensionskultur von hPSCs als Aggregate ohne Zubringer 6. Die Grenzen der beiden Kolonie-Typ-und Suspensionskultur Methoden gehören sammelt Heterogenität und vererbbaren epigenetischen Veränderungen. NCM Kultur, basierend sowohl auf Einzelzell Passagieren und High-Density-Zelle Überzug, stellt eine neue Methode zur Kultur hpSC Wachstum 6,18…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. We would like to thank Dr. Ronald D. McKay for his discussion and comments on this project.
Materials
| Countess automated cell counter | Invitrogen Inc. | C10227 | Automatic cell counting |
| Faxitron Cabinet X-ray System | Faxitron X-ray Corporation, Wheeling, IL | Model RX-650 | X-ray irradiation of MEFs |
| MULTIWELL six-well plates | Becton Dickinson Labware | 353046 | Polystyrene plates |
| DMEM | Invitrogen Inc. | 11965–092 | For MEF medium |
| mitomycin C | Roche | 107 409 | Mitotic inhibitor |
| Trypsin | Invitrogen Inc. | 25300-054 | For MEF dissociation |
| DMEM/F12 | Invitrogen Inc. | 11330–032 | For hPSC medium |
| Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium | Invitrogen Inc. | 31985-062 | For hPSC transfection |
| Heat-inactivated FBS | Invitrogen Inc. | 16000–044 | Component of MEF medium |
| Knockout Serum Replacer | Invitrogen Inc. | 10828–028 | KSR, Component of hPSC medium |
| Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline | Invitrogen Inc. | 14190-144 | D-PBS, free of Ca2+/Mg2+ |
| Non-essential amino acids | Invitrogen | 11140–050 | NEAA, component of hPSC medium |
| L-Glutamine | Invitrogen | 25030–081 | Component of hPSC medium |
| mTeSR1 & Supplements | StemCell Technologies | 5850 | Animal protein-free |
| medium | |||
| TeSR2 & Supplements | StemCell Technologies | 5860 | Xeno-free medium |
| β-mercaptoethanol | Sigma | 7522 | Component of hPSC medium |
MEF (CF-1) ATCC |
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) | SCRC-1040 | For feeder culture of hPSCs |
| hESC-qualified Matrigel | BD Bioscience | 354277 | For feeder-free culture of hPSCs |
| Laminin-521 | BioLamina | LN521-02 | Human recombinant protein |
| FGF-2 (recombinant FGF, basic) | R&D Systems, MN | 223-FB | Growth factor in hPSC medium |
| CryoStor CA10 | StemCell Technologies | 7930 | |
| Accutase | Innovative Cell Technologies | AT-104 | 1X mixed enzymatic solution |
| JAK inhibitor I | EMD4 Biosciences | 420099 | An inhibitor of Janus kinase |
| Y-27632 | EMD4 Biosciences | 688000 | ROCK inhibitor |
| Y-27632 | Stemgent | 04-0012 | ROCK inhibitor |
| Y-39983 | Stemgent | 04-0029 | ROCK I inhibitor |
| Phenylbenzodioxane | Stemgent | 04-0030 | ROCK II inhibitor |
| Thiazovivin | Stemgent | 04-0017 | A novel ROCK inhibitor |
| BD Falcon Cell Strainer | BD Bioscience | 352340 | 40-µm cell strainer |
| Nalgene 5100-0001 Cryo 1°C | Thermo Scientific | C6516F-1 | “Mr. Frosty” Freezing Container |
| Lipofectamine 2000 | Invitrogen Inc. | 11668-027 | Transfection reagents |
| DharmaFECT Duo | Thermo Scientific | T-2010-02 | Transfection reagent |
| Non-targeting miRIDIAN miRNA Transfection Control | Thermo Scientific | IP-004500-01-05 | Labeled with Dy547, to monitor the delivery of microRNAs |
| SMART-shRNA | Thermo Scientific | To be determined | Lentiviral vector |
| pmaxGFP | amaxa Inc (Lonza) | Included in every transfection kit | Expression plasmid for transfection control |
| 4-Oct | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-5279 | Mouse IgG2b, pluripotent marker |
| SSEA-1 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-21702 | Mouse IgM, differentiation marker |
| SSEA-4 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-21704 | Mouse IgG3, pluripotent marker |
| Tra-1-60 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-21705 | Mouse IgM, pluripotent marker |
| Tra-1-81 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-21706 | Mouse IgM, pluripotent marker |
| CK8 (C51) | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-8020 | Mouse IgG1, against cytokeratin 8 |
| α-fetoprotein | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-8399 | AFP, mouse IgG2a |
| HNF-3β (P-19) | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-9187 | FOXA2, goat polyclonal antibody |
| Troponin T (Av-1) | Thermo Scientific | MS-295-P0 | Mouse IgG1 |
| Desmin | Thermo Scientific | RB-9014-P1 | Rabbit IgG |
| Anti-NANOG | ReproCELL Inc, Japan | RCAB0004P-F | Polyclonal antibody |
| Rat anti-GFAP | Zymed | 13-0300 | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
| Albumin (clone HSA1/25.1.3) | Cedarlane Laboratories Ltd. ( | CL2513A | Mouse IgG1, |
| Smooth muscle actin (clone 1A4) | DakoCytomation Inc | IR611/IS611 | Mouse IgG2a |
| Nestin | Chemicon International | MAB5326 | Rabbit polyclonal antibody |
| TUBB3 | Convance Inc | MMS-435P | Tuj1, mouse IgG2a |
| HNF4α (C11F12) | Cell Signaling Technologies | 3113 | Rabbit monoclonal antibody |
| Paraformaldehyde (solution) | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 15710 | PFA, fixative, diluted in D-PBS |
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