Biochemische assays voor het analyseren van activiteiten van de ATP-afhankelijke chromatine remodeling Enzymen
Summary
Here we describe biochemical assays that can be used to characterize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes for their abilities to 1) catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, 2) engage with nucleosome substrates, and 3) hydrolyze ATP in a nucleosome- or DNA-dependent manner.
Abstract
Members of the SNF2 family of ATPases often function as components of multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes that regulate nucleosome dynamics and DNA accessibility by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Biochemically dissecting the contributions of individual subunits of such complexes to the multi-step ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling reaction requires the use of assays that monitor the production of reaction products and measure the formation of reaction intermediates. This JOVE protocol describes assays that allow one to measure the biochemical activities of chromatin remodeling complexes or subcomplexes containing various combinations of subunits. Chromatin remodeling is measured using an ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding assay, which monitors the movement of a nucleosome on a DNA molecule using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)-based method. Nucleosome binding activity is measured by monitoring the formation of remodeling complex-bound mononucleosomes using a similar EMSA-based method, and DNA- or nucleosome-dependent ATPase activity is assayed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to measure the rate of conversion of ATP to ADP and phosphate in the presence of either DNA or nucleosomes. Using these assays, one can examine the functions of subunits of a chromatin remodeling complex by comparing the activities of the complete complex to those lacking one or more subunits. The human INO80 chromatin remodeling complex is used as an example; however, the methods described here can be adapted to the study of other chromatin remodeling complexes.
Introduction
SNF2 familie chromatine remodeling complexen zijn voorzien van een centrale SNF2-achtige ATPase subunit 1,2. Sommige SNF2-achtige ATPases functie enkelvoudige subeenheid enzymen, terwijl anderen werken als katalytische subeenheid grotere multi-subunit complexen. Ophelderen van de moleculaire mechanismen die voor elk van de subeenheden van chromatine remodeling complexen bijdragen aan hun activiteiten vereist het vermogen om biochemische testen die de verbouwing proces ontleden voeren.
ATP-afhankelijke nucleosoom remodeling door de menselijke INO80 complex en andere chromatine hermodellering enzymen kunnen worden voorgesteld als een meerstaps proces dat begint met binding van het enzym remodeling nucleosomen, gevolgd door activering van de DNA en / of nucleosoom-afhankelijke ATPase, translocatie van de verbouwing enzym op nucleosomale DNA, en de eventuele herpositionering van nucleosomen 1,2. Inzicht in de moleculaire details van de ATP-afhankelijke chromatine remodeling proces requires dissectie van de verbouwing reactie in zijn individuele stappen en definitie van de bijdragen van de individuele colli van het chromatine remodeling complex om elke stap van de reactie. Dergelijke analyses vereisen het vermogen om nucleosoom remodeling en andere activiteiten geanalyseerd middels gedefinieerde moleculaire substraten in vitro.
In een eerdere JOVE protocol, beschreven we procedures gebruikt om INO80 chromatine remodeling complexen en subes met gedefinieerde subunit composities 3 te genereren. Hier presenteren we drie biochemische assays die kwantitatieve analyse van de nucleosoom binden, DNA en nucleosoom-geactiveerde ATPase en nucleosoom remodeling activiteiten die bij dergelijke complexen mogelijk.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Om nucleosoom remodeling en ATPase activiteiten we waarnemen in assays afhankelijk van de katalytische activiteit van INO80 complexen, en niet op contaminerende remodeling en / of ATPase enzymen, we routinematig assay nucleosoom remodeling en ATPase activiteit van katalytisch inactieve versies INO80 complexen, gezuiverd parallel met wildtype INO80 volgens dezelfde procedure. Een negatieve controle reactie ontbreekt ATP moet worden uitgevoerd als het testen nucleosoom remodeling activiteit te testen op de aanwezigheid va…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Work in the authors’ laboratory is supported by a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM41628) and by a grant to the Stowers Institute for Medical Research from the Helen Nelson Medical Research Fund at the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation.
Materials
| Name of Reagent/Material | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Protease Inhibitor Cocktail | Sigma | P8340 | |
| 10x PCR reaction buffer | Roche Applied Science | 11435094001 | |
| Roche Taq DNA Polymerase | Roche Applied Science | 11435094001 | |
| NucAway Nuclease-free Spin Columns | Ambion | Cat. # AM10070 | |
| ultrapure ATP | USB/Affymetrix | 77241 25 UM | |
| bovine serum albumin | Sigma | A9418 | |
| N,N,N´,N´-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) | Thermo Scientific | 17919 | Fisher Scientific |
| 40% Acrylamide/Bis 37.5:1 | Amresco | 0254-500ML | |
| Sonicated salmon sperm DNAs | GE Healthcare | 27-4565-01 | |
| 10% ammonium persulfate (APS) | Thermo Scientific | 17874 | |
| benzonase | Novagen | Cat. No. 70664 | |
| [α-32P] ATP (3000 Ci/mmol) | PerkinElmer | BLU003H250UC | |
| dCTP, [α-32P]- 6000Ci/mmol | PerkinElmer | BLU013Z250UC | |
| Equipment | Company | ||
| PCR thermal cycler PTC 200 | MJ Research | PTC 200 | |
| Hoefer vertical electrophoresis unit | Hoefer | SE600X-15-1.5 | |
| lubricated 1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes | Costar | 3207 | |
| Storage Phosphor Screen | Molecular Dynamics | 63-0034-79 | |
| 3MM filter paper | Whatman | 28458-005 | VWR |
| Typhoon PhosphorImager | GE Healthcare | 8600 | |
| ImageQuant software | GE Healthcare | ver2003.02 | |
| TLC Glass Plates, PEI-Cellulose F | Millipore | 5725-7 | |
| Immobilon-FL Transfer Membrane 7 x 8.4 | Millipore | IPFL07810 | |
| General purpose survey meter with end-window or pancake GM (Geiger-Mueller) probe | Biodex | Model 14C |
References
- Clapier, C. R., Cairns, B. R. The biology of chromatin remodeling complexes. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 78, 273-304 (2009).
- Narlikar, G. J., Sundaramoorthy, R., Owen-Hughes, T. Mechanisms and functions of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzymes. Cell. 154 (3), 490-503 (2013).
- Chen, L., Ooi, S. K., Conaway, J. W., Conaway, R. C. Generation and purification of human INO80 chromatin remodeling complexes and subcomplexes. , (2013).
- Lowary, P. T., Widom, J. New DNA sequence rules for high affinity binding to histone octamer and sequence-directed nucleosome positioning. J. Mol. Biol. 276 (1), (1006).
- Owen-Hughes, T., et al. Analysis of nucleosome disruption by ATP-driven chromatin remodeling complexes. Methods Mol. Biol. 119, 319-331 (1999).
- Udugama, M., Sabri, A., Bartholomew, B. The INO80 ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex is a nucleosome spacing factor. Mol. Cell Biol. 31 (4), 662-673 (2011).
- Jin, J., et al. A mammalian chromatin remodeling complex with similarities to the yeast INO80 complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (50), 41207-41212 (1074).
- Chen, L., et al. Subunit organization of the human INO80 chromatin remodeling complex: an evolutionarily conserved core complex catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (13), 11283-11289 (2011).
- Hamiche, A., Sandaltzopoulos, R., Gdula, D. A., Wu, C. ATP-dependent histone octamer sliding mediated by the chromatin remodeling complex NURF. Cell. 97 (7), 833-842 (1999).
- Polach, K. J., Widom, J. Restriction enzymes as probes of nucleosome stability and dynamics. Methods Enzymol. 304, 278-298 (1999).
- Anderson, J. D., Thastrom, A., Widom, J. Spontaneous access of proteins to buried nucleosomal DNA target sites occurs via a mechanism that is distinct from nucleosome translocation, Mol.Cell Biol. 22 (20), 7147-7157 (2002).
- Saha, A., Wittmeyer, J., Cairns, B. R. Chromatin remodeling through directional DNA translocation from an internal nucleosomal site. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 12 (9), 747-755 (2005).
- Gottschalk, A. J., et al. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation directs recruitment and activation of an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 106 (33), 13770-13774 (2009).
- Clapier, C. R., Cairns, B. R. Regulation of ISWI involves inhibitory modules antagonized by nucleosomal epitopes. Nature. 492 (7428), 280-284 (2012).
- Brune, M., Hunter, J. L., Corrie, J. E. T., Direct Webb, M. R. Real-Time Measurement of Rapid Inorganic Phosphate Release Using a Novel Fluorescent Probe and Its Application to Actomyosin Subfragment 1 ATPase, Biochemistry. 33 (27), 8262-8271 (1994).
- Luk, E., et al. Stepwise histone replacement by SWR1 requires dual activation with histone H2A.Z and canonical nucleosome. Cell. 143 (5), 725-736 (2010).
