Summary

Utnyttjande av Microscale Silicon Konsoler att bedöma Cellular kontraktila funktion<em> In Vitro</em

Published: October 03, 2014
doi:

Summary

Detta protokoll beskriver användningen av mikroskala kisel utliggare som böjliga odlingsytor för mätning av kontraktiliteten hos muskelceller in vitro. Cellular kontraktion orsakar fribärande böjning, som kan mätas, registreras och omvandlas till avläsning av kraft, som ger en icke-invasiv och skalbart system för att mäta kontraktila funktion in vitro.

Abstract

Utvecklingen av mer förutsägbara och biologiskt relevanta in vitro-analyser baseras på att en positiv utveckling av mångsidiga cellodlingssystem som underlättar funktionell bedömning av de sådda cellerna. Därför erbjuder mikro fribärande teknik en plattform som man kan mäta kontraktila funktionaliteten hos en rad olika celltyper, bland annat skelett, hjärt och glatta muskelceller, genom bedömning av kontraktion inducerad substrat böjning. Tillämpning av multiplexerade fribärande matriser ger möjlighet att utveckla måttlig till hög kapacitet protokoll för bedömning läkemedlets effektivitet och toxicitet, sjukdomsfenotyp och progression, samt neuromuskulära och andra cell-cell interaktioner. Denna handskrift ger detaljerna för att tillverka tillförlitliga fribärande arrayer för detta ändamål, och de metoder som krävs för att framgångsrikt odla celler på dessa ytor. Ytterligare beskrivning ges om de åtgärder som behövs för att utföra funktionella anallys av typer kontraktila celler bibehålls på sådana matriser med hjälp av en ny laser och fotodetektor systemet. De representativa uppgifter belyser precision och reproducerbar karaktär analysen av kontraktila funktion möjlig med detta system, liksom de många studier som sådan teknik kan användas. Framgångsrik utbrett införande av detta system kan ge utredarna med medel för att utföra snabba, lågprisflyg funktionella studier in vitro, vilket leder till mer korrekta prognoser av vävnadsprestanda, sjukdomsutveckling och reaktion på ny terapeutisk behandling.

Introduction

The in vitro culture of muscle cells from both human and rodent sources has been possible for decades1,2. However, while standard coverslip preparations are useful for biochemical assessment, they do not facilitate analysis of the cell’s primary functional output (contractility), and therefore are of somewhat limited value as a means to assess cellular maturation and performance. In order to maximize the amount of data obtainable from such in vitro cultures, it is necessary to advance the development of systems capable of housing such cells in configurations that permit the real-time assessment of their functional performance. The establishment of a multitude of three dimensional muscle models has made some progress toward fulfilling this need, and such systems have been used in a number of publications as a means to assess the contractile capacity of cultured muscle cells in vitro3-5. While such systems are invaluable for tissue modeling and reconstruction studies, they are limited in their applicability for studies of single cell responses. In such cases where single fiber studies are necessary, complex and labor intensive ex vivo methodologies remain the only option6-10. Furthermore, current movement toward the development of complex, multi-organ platforms for drug development and screening protocols requires the establishment of systems which are non-invasive, easily scalable and which integrate readily with supporting cells and tissue models11.

Microscale cantilevers offer a simple method for assessing the functional contractile capacity of single cells/small populations of cells12,13. The technique is based on modified Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technology14, and uses a laser and photo-detector system to measure microscale cantilever deflection in response to cultured myotube contractile activity. Modified Stoney’s equations are then used to calculate stress in the myotube, and the force exerted by the myotube in order to generate the observed substrate deflection15. A scanning program has been written which enables simultaneous assessment of multiplexed cantilever arrays, offering potential moderate to high through-put applications for drug toxicity/efficacy studies15,16. Such technology may prove invaluable in the development of functional, pre-clinical assays for predicting drug efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, fabrication of cantilever chips in silicon does not impede post analysis processing of cells for standard biomolecular assays such as immunostaining, western blotting and PCR.

This manuscript provides detailed instructions on the fabrication and preparation of microscale silicon cantilevers, the hardware and software set-up, and the operating guidelines for assessing the functionality of contractile cells cultured on these chips. Standard cell culture techniques can be implemented for plating and maintenance of cells on these surfaces, hence any contractile cell type for which reliable culture parameters exist should be able to integrate with this device with ease. The relatively simple 2D culture parameters utilized in this system makes integration of other cell models or addition of cell types that can interact with muscle (such as innervating neurons) straight-forward, greatly increasing the applicability of this model in the development of more complex functional in vitro assays and multi-organ models of mammalian systems.

Protocol

1. Cantilever Chip Fabrication Illustrerade detaljerna i de beskrivna tillverkningsstegen tillhandahålls i figur 1. Placera kisel på isolator (SOI) wafers i en ugn och grädda i 125 ° C i 20 minuter för att torka dem. Sätt in ett 1,5 pm tjockt skikt av kiseloxid på handtaget lagret av uttorkad SOI rånet med hjälp av en Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) verktyg. Placera brickan på spinnbeläggare chucken med anordningen …

Representative Results

Framgångsrik kultur av kontraktila celler på konsoler är en relativt enkel procedur, som använder standardcellodlingstekniker (Figur 5). Andelen utliggare stödjer upphandlande celler varierar beroende på celltyp som undersöks och särskild odlingsteknik som används. Använda primära embryonala celler som härrör från råtta bakbenen ades kontraktil aktivitet detekterades på 12% av utliggare som undersöktes (n = 4). Analys av kontraktila funktion med hjälp av laser och fotodetektor beskrivn…

Discussion

De kritiska steg i att analysera mikroskala utliggare för tecken på cellulär kontraktion är placeringen av fribärande chip i mikroskop scenen, och den efterföljande inriktning av laser och fotodetektor med spetsen av hörn utliggare i arrayen. Om detta inte görs korrekt, då programmet inte kommer att kunna extrapolera positionerna för de återstående utliggare i arrayen, kan leda till ansamling av falskt negativa under datainsamlingen. Operatörerna bör vara noga med att se till att den fribärande chip ligge…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Denna forskning har finansierats av National Institute of Health bidragsnummer R01NS050452 och R01EB009429. Tillverkning av fribärande marker utfördes externt av samarbetspartners vid Nanoteknik Facility ligger vid Cornell University. All utrustning som används i den fribärande tillverkningsprocessen var belägen i denna anläggning. Särskilt tack till Mandy Esch och Jean-Matthieu Prot för deras hjälp med fribärande mikrotillverkning. Video animering av fribärande funktionalitet genererades av Charles Hughes, Alex Zelenin och Eric Imperiale från Synthetic Reality Lab vid UCF.

Materials

Name of material/ equipment Company Catalog number Comments/ Description
Primary rat muscle growth medium
Neurobasal medium Life Technologies 21103-049  N/A
B27 (50x) Life Technologies 17504044 1x
Glutamax (100x) Life Technologies 35050061 1x
G5 supplement Life Technologies 17503-012  1x
Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRG400B 20 ng/ ml
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRB600B 20 ng/ ml
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRC400A 40 ng/ ml
Neurotrophin-3 Cell sciences CRN500B 20 ng/ ml
Neurotrophin-4 Cell sciences CRN501B 20 ng/ ml
Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Life Technologies 13241-013  25 ng/ ml
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Life Technologies P2654 20 ng/ ml
Cardiotrophin-1 Cell sciences CRC700B 20 ng/ ml
Heparin Sulphate Sigma D9809  100 ng/ ml
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Sigma L5158  20 ng/ ml
Vitronectin Sigma V0132 100 ng/ ml
Primary rat muscle differentiation medium
NB Activ 4 Brain Bits LLC NB4-500 N/A
Equipment
Class 2 red diode laser Newport N/A
Photo-detector Noah Industries N/A
Model 2100 Pulse stimulator A-M systems N/A
Multiclamp 700B Digitizer Axon Instruments N/A
Patch clamp microscope and stage Olympus N/A
Delta T4 culture dish controller Bioptechs N/A
Axoscope software Molecular Devices N/A
LabVIEW software National Instruments N/A
37oC, 5% CO2 incubator NAPCO N/A
Class 2 microbiological flow hood Labconco N/A
Pipettes and tips Eppendorf N/A

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Cite This Article
Smith, A. S., Long, C. J., McAleer, C., Bobbitt, N., Srinivasan, B., Hickman, J. J. Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro. J. Vis. Exp. (92), e51866, doi:10.3791/51866 (2014).

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