단계적으로 두 생명이 동물 모델을 결합 미세 수술 훈련 방법

Summary

Here we describe how to set up a small microsurgical practice station and a simple and inexpensive method for the training of microsurgery with non-living animal models.

Abstract

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly laboratory rats. This method although extremely valuable can be economically demanding both for the surgeon and the sponsoring institution; it also requires special training facilities that may not always be available or accessible. Furthermore ethical concerns can limit the use of living animals for training purposes. Alternative training methods, such as inert tubes and gloves have not gained popularity among surgeons since they do not offer an experience similar to that of a clinical situation. Non-living animal models include the use of chicken thighs and wings; they offer a practice experience that resembles a clinical situation to a considerable extent. This type of training is relatively cheap and easily available. The microscope and instruments required can be acquired over the internet, and the chicken pieces can be bought at the local supermarket.

This approach allows a motivated trainee to rehearse different types of surgical techniques several times at a reasonable expense, helping to develop or maintain his surgical expertise if more complex facilities are not available. On the current manuscript we describe how to setup a small practice station, how to dissect the specimens, and how to practice both with the chicken thighs and with the chicken wings in a progressive fashion. This approach takes advantage on the versatility of the chicken thigh model and the small size of the chicken wing Brachial artery.

Introduction

An ample array of training models have been described for the learning and maintenance of both basic and advanced microsurgical skills. These include living animals^1,2, human cadaveric specimens³, inert models^4,5 and non-living animal models^6-9.The Living animal models, specifically those using rats have been extensively used in the teaching of microsurgery ^1,2; and they are considered the current gold standard of training. In spite of their remarkable instructive value, when an intensive or prolonged training is required; economical and ethical concerns can hinder their practical usage.

Cadaveric models³ offer the opportunity to practice in an environment similar to that of the actual clinical situation; they are unfortunately restricted to anatomy labs and similar facilities, a microscope must be available at the lab as well; these models are therefore not widely available. Inert models such as rubber tubes, or gloves^4,5 are cheap, and easily accessible, the required equipment for their application is minimal. The resemblance to a clinical situation is tenuous however; and their application is generally limited to the introductory stages of training, before the trainee starts practicing on rats. To the best of our knowledge Hino⁶ was the first to propose the use of non-living chicken for the development and maintenance of clinical microsurgical skills. His model is based on the extraction and subsequent usage of the chicken brachial artery from commercial chicken wings. This approach does not need institution review board approval, rodent anaesthesia, laboratory technicians or postoperative care.

Following Hino´s description of the chicken wing artery model numerous other nonliving animal models were published. The use of commercial chicken thighs was first suggested by Marsh et al.⁷ who reported the use of the femoral artery, vein and nerve for didactic purposes. This particular model expands the possibilities of training including structures different from the arteries; it permits the trainee to perform a variety of complex procedures such as vein grafts, nerve grafts or fascicular repairs. Jeong et al.⁸ Further studied Marsh’ chicken thigh model and its applications to the teaching of resident doctors. The authors analysed chicken tissue samples histologically and found that it presented similarities to human tissues. The time to perform an anastomosis by the trainee was significantly reduced by practice in their study. They concluded that “the femoral neurovascular bundles of chicken are an appropriate and effective model for teaching and practicing microsurgery”. In 2013 my colleagues and I⁹ published a microsurgical training regimen that combined both the chicken thigh and the chicken wing models; this approach benefits from the versatility of the chicken thighs and from the limited size of the chicken wing artery which can represent more of a challenge than the femoral vessels for the more advanced trainees.

On the current manuscript we describe step by step the process of setting up a microsurgical practice station; the materials required, how to dissect the neurovascular structures of each model and how to effectively apply the training regimen.

Protocol

1. 준비 : 45 배 줌에 변수 3,5 X로, 탁상 스테레오 현미경을 확보, 200mm 작동 거리, 55-75mm 변수 간 동공 거리와 액세서리 링 라이트를 이끌었다. 유사한 현미경이 작은 테이블에 설정할 수 있습니다, 적절하고 매우 비용이. 모아 두 미세 수술 픽업, 하나 해부 가위, 한 바늘 드라이버와 미세 수술기구 세트를 준비; 이 필요 최소한이며, 이는 이러한 연습기구이며, 상한 품질 장비가 필요?…

Representative Results

저자는 본 교육 방법으로 자신의 시간을 chronometered하고 크게 세 번째 주말에 대퇴 동맥의 문합 시간을 단축하기 위해 그것을 보았다. 연수생은 자신의 시간, 자신의 개통 비율과 그의 바늘의 정렬을 체크하여 자신의 기술에 개선을 제어 할 수 있습니다. 이 논문에 설명 된 시스템으로는 탁상 현미경 및 미세 수술 도구의 세트를 포함하고도 1에 도시되어있다. 거시적 해부은 그림 2와 3 대퇴 동맥 미…

Discussion

The clinical practice of microsurgery requires a continuous practice and a high level of expertise; it’s applications include free flaps, replantation and revascularization procedures, intracranial – extracranial anastomoses for neurosurgical procedures, peripheral nerve surgery and others. In spite of the wide variety of procedures that require microsurgical techniques, some of them are seldom performed in many centers. The surgeons therefore need sometimes to maintain their skill level rehearsing the surge…

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment	Company	Catalog Number	Comments/Description
Stereomicroscope	Amscope	SM-1BX	Microscope
Led light	Amscope	LED-80S-YA	illumination system
Microsurgical instruments set	Chen hen microsurgical instruments	HC- X803-1	Microsurgical instruments
Microsurgical sutures	S/T microsurgical	9/0 Suture	Sutures